Title: The life, trial and conversations of Robert Emmet, Esq., : Leader of the Irish insurrection of 1803: also, the celebrated speech made by him on the occasion
Author: Anonymous
Language: English
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                                  THE
                     LIFE, TRIAL AND CONVERSATIONS
                                   OF
                           ROBERT EMMET, ESQ.
              =Leader of the Irish Insurrection of 1803:=
                               ALSO, THE
                           CELEBRATED SPEECH
                      MADE BY HIM ON THE OCCASION.


        O breathe not his name, let it sleep in the shade,
        Where cold and unhonoured his relics are laid;
        Sad, silent, and dark be the tears that we shed,
        As the night dew that falls on the grass o’er his head
        But the night dew that falls, though in silence it weeps
        Shall brighten with verdure the grave where he sleeps
        And the tear that we shed, though in secret it rolls,
        Shall long keep his memory green in our souls.—MOORE

              _Stereotyped from the last Dublin Edition._

                               NEW-YORK:
                     PUBLISHED BY ROBERT CODDINGTON
                            NO. 366 BOWERY,
                                 1850.



                     THE UNINSCRIBED TOMB OF EMMET.


    “Let my tomb remain uninscribed, and my memory in oblivion, until
        other times and other men can do justice to my character.”


       “Pray tell me,” I said, to an old man who stray’d,
       Drooping over the grave which his own hands had made,
       “Pray tell me the name of the tenant who sleeps
       ’Neath yonder lone shade where the sad willow weeps;
       Every stone is engrav’d with the name of the dead,
       But yon black slab declares not whose spirit is fled.”

       In silence he bow’d, then beckon’d me nigh,
       Till we stood o’er the grave—then he said with a sigh,
       “Yes, they dare not to trace e’en a word on this stone,
       To the memory of him who sleeps coldly alone;
       He told them—commanded—the lines o’er his grave,
       Should never be traced by the hand of a slave!

       “He bade them to shade e’en his name in the gloom,
       Till the morning of freedom should shine on his tomb,
       ‘When the flag of my country at liberty flies,
       Then—then let my name and my monument rise.’
       You see they obey’d him—’tis thirty-three years,
       And they still come to moisten his grave with their tears.

       “He was young like yourself, and aspir’d to o’erthrow
       The tyrants who fill’d his lov’d island with woe;
       They crush’d his bold spirit—this earth was confin’d,
       Too scant for the range of his luminous mind.”
       He paus’d, and the old man went slowly away,
       And I felt, as he left me, an impulse to pray.

       Grant, Heaven! I may see, ere my own days are done,
       A monument rise o’er my country’s lost son!
       And oh! proudest task, be it mine to indite
       The long-delay’d tribute a freeman must write;
       ‘Till then shall its theme in my breast deeply dwell,
       So peace to thy slumbers, dear shade, fare thee well!



                                  THE
                         LIFE AND CONVERSATIONS
                                   OF
                           ROBERT EMMET, ESQ.


There are few persons whose name has been so hailed by the young and
ardent, whose firmness and patriotism has been more admired, and whose
character has produced a greater effect upon society, than the subject
of these pages.

Robert Emmet was born in Dublin, in the year 1782, and was the son of
Dr. Emmet, for many years state physician in Dublin. He was the youngest
brother of Thomas Addis Emmet, who, before the rebellion of 1798, had
abandoned a respectable situation at the Irish Bar, in order to project
and carry into execution, the schemes of that day, for an Irish
Republic, and of course, separation from Great Britain.

Emmet was moulded in Nature’s happiest form for his destined service. He
possessed the physical qualities necessary for an accomplished speaker,
with high intellect to master and employ knowledge, with imagination and
feelings to sway the passions and command the heart; with the power of
incessant labour to collect, discipline, and perfect the valued
materials of a revolutionary measure, he was eminently calculated for
the task which he had undertaken. And, had success depended upon the
worth and the virtues of one man, Emmet would now have been hailed as
the liberator of his country.

Early impressions are always the most lasting. Emmet had his young mind
filled with a detestation of tyranny and injustice at an early age, by
the virtue and patriotism of his private tutor, the Rev. Mr. Lewes, who,
though a minister of the Established Church, was yet an enemy to its
monopolizing power and persecuting spirit towards his Catholic
fellow-subjects.

At the age of sixteen he entered Trinity College. Here his progress in
classical and mathematical knowledge soon gained him honour and
reputation. But his heated spirit had been worked up by the political
enthusiasm in which he had been early initiated. At the Historical
Society, of which he was a member, he expressed his sentiments so freely
on English influence in Ireland, that he came under the suspicions of
Lord Chancellor Clare, who ultimately expelled him from College, for
denouncing, in a speech he made, the English form of government, and
advocating that of a republic.

He had been sufficiently unguarded in his conduct, while the
disturbances of ‘98 existed, to become an object of the vigilance of
government, and had found it prudent to reside abroad so long as the
habeas corpus act was suspended. He fled to the Continent, where an
active correspondence was set on foot by the French government. Emmet,
with the chiefs of the preceding Irish Rebellion were summoned to Paris.
Consultations were held with them, and the organization of another
revolution was commenced and prosecuted with increasing diligence. Nor
was the then ruler of France, (Buonaparte) inattentive, or remiss to
forward, by every means, in his power, the project. To Emmet was
delegated the office of director and mover of this new attempt upon the
British dominion in Ireland.

On the expiration of the habeas corpus act, he returned to Dublin, but
thought it prudent, for the forwarding of the revolution, to live
privately. He took obscure lodgings at Harold’s Cross, under the assumed
name of Hewit. Here he held his meetings with his associates. These
people hailed with transport the opportunity of recommencing another
attempt on subverting British power in Ireland! and while some spread
themselves over the country in every direction, others fixed themselves
in the metropolis.

During the first four months after Emmet’s arrival, nothing of his
machinations transpired. Soon after the King’s Proclamation, on the 8th
of March, conceiving the moment of national alarm at the renovation of
hostilities, and a threatened invasion, favourable to his projects, he
became more active in his preparations. The whole of his family portion,
which consisted of two thousand five hundred pounds, he devoted to his
enthusiasm. In the beginning of April, he quitted his lodgings at
Harold’s Cross, with the name of Hewit, and in the new name of Ellis he
took the lease of a house, for which he paid a fine of sixty-one
guineas, in Butterfield-Lane, near Rathfarnham. Here he harangued his
associates, and encouraged them by hopes of a happy result to their
labours.

‘Liberty,’ said he, ‘is the child of oppression, and the birth of the
offspring is the death of the parent; while tyranny, like the poetical
desert bird, is consumed in flames ignited by itself, and its whole
existence is spent in providing the means of self-destruction. We have a
complete exemplification of this in the past history and present state
of Ireland, where increase of numbers and increase of intelligence, have
been the direct result of that system which too long has ruled this
kingdom.

‘The relentless oppression of the English Government forced the people
into habits of temperance—necessity made them abstemious, and time
reconciled them to their wholesome esculent, which providentially came,
like the manna of the desert, to feed the sojourners in the land of
their fathers.

‘When nature is easily satisfied, and the necessaries of life procured
with little labour and care, increase of population will follow: because
parents, who are contented with their own condition, will feel no
uneasiness for their offspring, who can, without any difficulty, procure
a situation similar to their own. Emigration from such a country was not
to be expected; for men whose modified wants were amply satisfied at
home, had no need to seek elsewhere for wealth they did not desire, or
distinctions they did not value. Besides, Ireland has always had
peculiar attractions in retaining her children: a Scotchman loves a
Scotchman, but an Hibernian loves the green fields of his youth and to
enjoy these there are few privations to which he will not cheerfully
submit. The eccentric humour, the boisterous mirth, the kind and social
intercourse, that characterize the peasantry, likewise spread their
charms, and generally succeeded in subduing the aspiring notions of
adventurers, and helped to retain the people at home. When to these were
added the allurements of a more tender kind, and when no restraint was
placed upon the natural instinct of man, we must not wonder that Ireland
is blessed with a population without a parallel in Europe.

‘The base and cowardly conduct of the Irish proprietors in deserting the
country, though at the moment a grievance, was absolutely productive of
good. Their large domains were parcelled out to humble cottages; farms
were divided and subdivided; cabins every where raised their
unostentatious roofs; and every floor was blessed with a numerous
progeny.

‘Ireland has been forced into agriculture;[1] and, this still farther
tends to increase the population, and to give her that political
importance she never could have acquired if the people had been immured
in mineral dungeons, or confined to the fetid vapours of a manufacturing
bastile. Rural labour is not more conducive to the health of the body,
than it is beneficial to the exercise of the mind; and we always find
the agriculturist superior to the mechanic not only in physical
strength, but in moral energy. The one is a natural soldier, who
commands respect, and exacts consideration; while the other is a mere
animated machine, whose ideas serve but as internal wheels to keep his
hands in motion. His frame is distorted, his mind crippled, and his
courage annihilated: but the agriculturist is a man such as nature
intended—fearless, active and resolute; the air he breathes ensures him
health; the ground he tills supplies him with sustenance; and his
occupations make him moral, hardy, and brave. This is the copy of a
million portraits, and they are all found in Ireland.

‘The aspirations of civilized man after freedom are coeval with his
existence. His rights, like the mountain torrent, may be diverted from
their original channel, but cannot be effectually impeded in their
course. Dams may be raised to stop the coming stream; but, if the
congregated waters cannot find another way to the place of their
destination, they will burst through every opposition, and overwhelm in
destruction all the works of lordly and presumptive man.’

‘But we find,’ observed a bystander, ‘that very populous countries have
continued in slavery.’

‘Numbers,’ rejoined Emmet, ‘whose minds are more enslaved than their
bodies may submit to injustice; but numbers inspired with intelligence
never can. The Irish people are not only shrewd, but informed; and for
this good, as well as for every other blessing they possess, they are
indebted to the folly and wickedness of their governors, _Divide et
impera_ has long been the maxim of those who oppressed us; but the
result has been the reverse of their anticipations. The continued
agitation, faction, and discord, consequent upon such a system of
legislation, produced their moral effects, and, like the vivid
lightning, served to purify the element they disturbed. The political
whirlpool has drawn within its vortex every man in Ireland; discussion
has been universally provoked; and the passions have been enlisted in
the general conflict. The human intellect has been propelled, vulgar
errors corrected, and the spirit of enquiry and investigation has gone
abroad.

‘To reason upon the political state of his country, has long been the
propensity of the Irish peasant; and, from continually thinking upon
that subject, he has at length learned to think right. He not only knows
his degraded condition, but is well acquainted with the cause. There is
not a subject connected with the country, on which he cannot give an
accurate opinion; he knows, as well as any man in the Castle, the
purpose of every measure of Government, whether it be to enrich a
spendthrift nobleman by a job, or coerce the unfortunate peasantry by an
Insurrection Act.

‘I know my countrymen: I have conversed with them, and have found them
practical philosophers. Their sentiments are the pure emanations of
acute minds, instructed in the school of nature, and taught by
adversity. They are, in consequence, generally correct, and, without any
great exertion of thought, are frequently profound. How often have I
seen them smile at the abortive efforts of their friends, who endeavour
to procure them redress in a constitutional way, while, at the same
time, they have told me very pertinently, and very truly, that they
expected no concession from Government, until they were able to insist
on it!’

During this address, Emmet’s fine manly countenance glowed with an
enthusiastic ardour, and he delivered himself with as much animated
fervency as if he were addressing a numerous, but distracted assembly,
which he wished to persuade. His words flowed with a graceful fluency,
and he combined his arguments with all the ease of a man accustomed to
abstract discussions.

His amiable and esteemed character gave an elevating influence to the
fame of the society of which he was the leader—many of whom, though of
equal talents and respectability, were inferior in that fine sensibility
of heart, and constancy in friendship, which gained him the love and
esteem of all who knew him. Nor was it only for his bland manners and
fine sensibilities of heart, and constancy in friendship, and firmness
in principle; he ranked amongst the highest of its gifted sons, who
display its fertile genius and its social spirit, who introduce the name
of Ireland to the respect of the world.

Commensurate with his value to relatives and friends, and to his native
city, was the appalling sensation that pervaded his country on the
occasion of his lamented death. It is not, then surprising that his
removal in one unexpected moment from this busy life’s vocations, to the
oblivious silence of the tomb, should produce, as it did, a general
burst of sorrow, and a common sense of bereavement.

Forty summers have closed around the United Irishmen since they made
catholic emancipation and parliamentary reform the leading measures of
their policy. They found all the catholics of Ireland, the great
majority of its population, reduced by the operation of the ferocious
penal laws, to the condition of slaves, in all things but being
vendible, to the very meanest of their protestant countrymen. Not only
did the British Government embrace every severity that could waste the
vigour of the nation, but all the rights of humanity, and every duty of
life were sacrificed by its direction or connivance, provided only that
this would promote the self interest, or gratify the rancour of the
favoured party.

There was a law of discovery, by which a man who betrayed the confidence
of his friend, if he were catholic, possessed himself of that friend’s
estate. There was a law which disabled the catholic father to be
guardian to his own child, or to educate him. There was a law which made
the disobedience or apostacy of the catholic child the means whereby to
disinherit his father. There was a law for robbing a catholic of his
horse on the highway, if, when interrogated, he confessed his faith.
There was a law to prevent the education of catholic children, and to
punish catholic teachers as convicts; to banish the catholic clergy, and
to hang them if they returned: to prevent catholics from purchasing or
inheriting landed estates: from having arms for their defence: to debar
them from the profession of the law: to prevent them from holding any
office of trust, honour or emolument, voting at elections, or sitting in
parliament.

The United Irishmen found their country under government of those laws,
and of perhaps a hundred more, all conceived in the same spirit, and all
elaborated with consummate skill to rob, harass, and insult a
defenceless people. Those statutes, without parallel for their
inhumanity, were framed against christians, under pretence of securing
the protestant religion. They were enacted by the Irish protestants,
political protestants, than whom no sect has cried more loudly against
persecution, when protestants were the martyrs. For all this the
protestant religion is not persecuting in its nature. The crimes of the
dominant party are not justly chargeable upon the protestant religion,
though committed in its name. They were bitterly deplored by the United
Irishmen of all religions, and by none more than the subject of this
memoir, himself a member of the established church, but no abettor of
its injustice.

Through all this long persecution, the conduct of England wore a vizor
of hypocrisy. It was not the conversion of the Irish it desired, but
their spoliation, division and subjection. If united in religion, they
might unite for their worldly interest, and a means of weakening them by
dissension would be lost. The English mission never had the merit of
even being honestly fanatical; it was cold-blooded and crafty. Its
conduct was not feebly palliated by the mistaken sincerity of blind
zeal, which time might soften and philosophy assuage. It had the more
terrestrial motives of insatiable rapacity, the appetite for plunder,
and the desire of battening on the green pastures of Ireland. This is
the eating canker which neither time nor reason ever cures, and which is
now as devouring, where it has the power, as at the first hour.

After the laws had disfranchised four-fifths of the population, all the
emoluments of office, all the wealth of the richest church in the world,
all the distinctions of power, all the pomp, circumstance, and
advantages of dominion, fell into the lap of the favoured few. These men
never wished to lessen the pretext of their gains; they never sought the
conversion of their helots by any means that ever made proselytes to any
cause.

The domestic spoliation of the catholics was the share of the Irish
protestants in this wholesale robbery. The spoliation of the Irish
nation was the part of England in this boundless plunder: she took the
whole trade, prosperity, and independence of Ireland, which the Irish
protestants freely surrendered for the license to pillage and tyrannize
at home. These wrongs inflicted and endured, begat mutual hatred and
frequent collision, and will account for the little union among
Irishmen, and the ferocity of character to be found in those districts
where the adverse parties came oftenest into contact.

This barter of a nation’s rights for the lucre of a faction, is what was
called the protestant ascendancy in church and state. It was also called
the British constitution. Against that impious combination of treachery
within, and tyranny from without, the United Irishmen pointed their oath
of union—“To forward a brotherhood of affection, a community of rights,
an identity of interests, and a union of power among Irishmen of every
religious persuasion.” It was this oath that was prosecuted as a felony,
and for which frequent victims were sent to the scaffold.

Emmet did not live to behold the triumph of the catholic cause, that
happy accomplishment of one of the great measures to which he devoted
fortune and life. But he saw, or thought he saw, all the materials for a
successful struggle for freedom, in the internal resources of his
beloved Ireland. In his moments of social ease and retirement, he
delighted to enumerate those resources. A writer who seems to have known
him well, gives us the following conversation between Emmet and his
friends while he was maturing his measures for the coming contest.

‘I have seldom spent a happier hour in my life, than I did that evening
with Emmet. His manners, his eloquence, and the sincerity, as well as
kindness, which breathed through every thing he said, banished reserve
on my part, and we all conversed more like long-tried friends than
casual acquaintances. We talked of literature, of London, and of
politics. My sentiments regarding Liberty—the goddess he idolized—were
warm; and, as I spoke with becoming abhorrence of tyranny, he seemed
delighted with my opinions. Before we separated he made me promise to
call on him that night at his lodgings; and when I did so, about eight
o’clock, I was agreeably surprised to find the Exile there before me.
After supper the conversation took a political turn, and Emmet, whose
mind was then filled with the project of liberating his country, began
to expatiate on the ease with which Ireland could throw off the English
yoke, and the benefits that would ensue from such a measure.’

‘Your enthusiasm, my friend,’ said I, interrupting him, ‘carries you
beyond the bounds of probability; for, in anticipating a revolution in
this country, you forget that England calculates on the subjection of
Ireland, and that she is able to compel what it is her interest to
desire.’

‘That she desires it,’ he replied, ‘I have no doubt; but that she is
able to compel it, I unhesitatingly deny. The belief in England’s
superior strength has too long prevailed in this kingdom, but it is now,
happily, beginning to disappear. In comparing the two countries, we must
exclude from our calculation every thing but physical strength alone,
and then the balance will be entirely in favour of Ireland; for I
believe it will be readily admitted that she has the greater military
population; and in a struggle for liberty, men only are valuable.

‘It is a matter of arithmetical calculation. Ireland can, in the event
of a well-organized revolution, turn into the field between seven and
eight hundred thousand effective men—an army certainly more numerous
than any force England could send against her.’

‘Admitting your calculation to be correct,’ I returned, ‘you are not to
deny the superiority of disciplined troops over rebel numbers. An army
of fifty thousand men would soon rout your invincible phalanx.’

‘The time has passed, my dear sir,’ he rejoined, ‘when such an exploded
notion found credence among mankind. In a barbarous age, when two armies
drew up within gun-shot of each other, each serving as an immoveable
target for its opponent to fire at, such a belief was natural, because
he who possessed a musket had a fearful advantage over the man who had
not one. But modern times have a different and more natural mode of
warfare; personal prowess now, as in periods of antiquity, is likely to
be victorious; and all necessary discipline can be learned in a very few
days. A man does not necessarily acquire either superior courage or
address from the colour of his coat, and a soldier with a fixed bayonet
has no advantage over a fierce peasant with a well-tempered pike. Almost
every victory of modern times has been gained by coming to close action,
and that mode, to which a well-regulated army is indebted for success,
is as available to a determined band of freemen as to any hired troops
in Europe.

‘But, as different animals have different modes of attack and defence,
an insurgent army has a discipline of its own, recommended by reason,
and sanctioned by experience. With walled towns and close garrisons they
have nothing to do: the hills of their country serve them as places of
retreat; marshes, rivers, and lakes are their best bastions, while
defiles afford them opportunities of attack, and woods and valleys serve
them as places of ambush.

‘The face of nature solicits the oppressed to regain their freedom; and
certainly, no country on the globe has so many invitations to revolt as
our own. Scarcely a mile, from one extremity of the island to the other,
in which an hostile army could not be successfully harassed, and, if
needful, successfully opposed. To this may be added, that an Irish
insurgent army would materially differ from a similar one in any kingdom
of Europe; for nearly every peasant, and certainly every man above the
rank of a peasant, is intimately acquainted with the use of fire-arms.
Those near the sea-shore (and those are a large portion) are excellent
marksmen; while the inhabitants of mountains, and the neighbourhoods of
bogs, lakes and marshes, are expert fowlers. The Wexford insurgents, in
the late rebellion, gave a proof of their abilities, and showed that the
peasantry of Ireland, when aroused, are nothing inferior to the best
disciplined troops in Europe.’

‘I know it,’ interrupted the Exile, ‘for I witnessed their skill in
bringing down an enemy, and I must confess that, had they leaders of
experience, they were nothing inferior, man for man, to any force that
might be brought against them.’

‘There is always a deficiency,’ said I, ‘in some part, that renders
every effort of the remainder abortive. Out of a hundred revolts,
scarcely one has been successful.’

‘Pardon me,’ said Emmet, ‘if I set you right; for history furnishes us
with few instances of failure where a nation has been unanimous. It is
giving the enemies of man a new weight, to add to the burden of
oppression, by dignifying pigmy insurrections and partial rebellions
with the name of open revolt. They should rather be called sanguinary
riots, and thus reduced to their proper level: their ghosts might not be
summoned from oblivious neglect to scare mankind from an assertion of
their rights. Instances of national resuscitation are neither few nor
unfrequent. Tyranny was expelled from Rome by the rebellion of the
people; and Switzerland and the Netherlands are memorials of successful
revolts. In our own day, America has shown us what a few thousand
peasants could accomplish when actuated by a love of liberty. Ireland is
superior in numbers to any of these, equals them in address and courage,
and stimulated by wrongs greater than have been experienced by all these
together.

‘Soldiers are but men, and generally the most imbecile of men. Let the
people be taught to despise the glare and glitter of polished arms, and
the terror they are wont to inspire will be converted into objects of
ridicule and contempt.—Happily an opinion prevails in Ireland, that a
soldier is an inferior mortal, and that three hundred athletic peasants
would be equal to a regiment of a thousand men. I don’t say that this
opinion is correct, but it must be admitted that, in case of a rising,
it would be of infinite service, as tending to inspire confidence in the
insurgents, and contempt for their enemies—two things that materially
conduce to victory.

‘Leaders, in a harassing war, would be easily procured, for the sagacity
of an unlettered peasant might serve for the purpose. Who does not
remember the servant boy at Oulard, whose advice was followed by the
destruction of a whole regiment?—Great occasions produce great men, and
generals are formed in the study as well as in the camp. The Catholics
are not what they formerly were,—intelligence is diffused, thousands of
them are in the British army, and every man of these would desert on the
first opportunity, for the _amor patriæ_ is not extinguished by the
imposition of the military oath.’

Down to the period of 1782, English acts of parliament were suffered to
bind Ireland. Misgovernment and poverty, the neglect of agriculture, the
prohibition of commerce, the abandonment of manufactures were, during
that period, the portion of Ireland. But towards the end of the American
war, the volunteers emancipated their country from this bondage, and
gave it the means of being independent. The example of America was
before both parties with all the omens; hence the demands of the
volunteers were prudentially conceded, and the glorious revolution of
1782 was accompanied without the loss of a drop of blood. The happy
consequence was the immediate liberation of the commerce of Ireland from
English restrictions. Her ensuing prosperity seemed miraculous—so
prompt, so general, so enriching; and her aptitude to prosper by a free
trade became known at the same time, to her rival and herself.

But the volunteers could not be always in arms, and Ireland had no
representative assembly to foster her prosperity during peace. Hers was,
alas! a borough-parliament, composed solely of the dominant faction,
representing but a small portion of the inhabitants, and having few
feelings or wishes in unison with the mass of the people.

Every one soon perceived that all measures of relief would be insecure,
nay, illusory, unless preceded or accompanied by a reform in the
parliament. The volunteers saw it, and endeavoured to reform; but they
excluded the Catholics from their plan, and did not see (unhappy effects
of the ignorance of the time!) that this alone would defeat their aim;
that they could not erect an edifice of freedom on a foundation of
monopoly. Warned by these errors, the United Irishmen altered the system
of reform fundamentally. They extended their base, and established their
plan upon three simple principles, necessarily dependent upon each
other, and containing the disease, the remedy, and the mode of its
attainment. The excess of English influence was the disease, a reform in
parliament the remedy, and the inclusion of the Catholics the mode of
its attainment.

Theobald Wolfe Tone had, of all others, the greatest part in effecting
this change of sentiment among the Protestants, to whose communion he
belonged. He wrote the original declaration for the Society of United
Irishmen of Belfast, and his powerful writings brought the Presbyterians
of the North very generally into the system.

Emmet often heard him in strains of pure and forceful eloquence expand,
inculcate and apply, for the benefit of his beloved country, the
political principles of the United Irishmen.

Wherever men have had no means of legitimate redress, we have seen them
become their own avengers, the worst government being always marked by
the greatest commotions. If there be not an impartial administration of
justice, the stiletto takes place of the jury, and for want of a
government restricted and accountable in Ireland, insurrection and civil
war were the resources of an exasperated people. Left without the
protection of a national parliament, Ireland was always tyrannically
ruled, the frame of society dislocated and broken, and her numerous
insurrections were the throes of agonized nature.

But from the moment the protestant reformers recognised the principle
that no reform was practicable, efficacious, or just, which should not
equally include Irishmen of every religious persuasion, the measure was
feasible. It received the assent of the whole nation, save only the
established church, and the other dependants of the British government.
Its principle recommended itself to the common sense of mankind; and the
authority of America proclaimed its benefits. In a short time its way
was so far prepared by public opinion that even its interested opponents
anticipated its final success. They determined, therefore, upon the
desperate expedient of leaving no parliament in Ireland for reform to
better. They hastened to buy from the borough-holders that which a truly
Irish parliament would not sell—its own existence and the nation’s
independence. They hoped to extinguish in the abolition of the
parliament, every chance of peaceable and constitutional improvement.
They conspired to transport it for life, mutilated and captive, into the
British House; to imprison beyond sea, in the abyss of English
supremacy, where its languishing, nerveless remains, doomed to live in a
perpetual minority, could never more bring to its ill-fated country the
blessings of liberty, good government, or commerce.

By the measures of a legislative union, Ireland reverts again to the
same wretched state as when bound by acts of the British parliament. On
the misery of that state, the ablest men who ever advocated her cause,
even other than United Irishmen, have exhausted eloquence and invective,
and the brightest page in her history is the one which records the
extorted renunciation of that usurped power and plenary right of
self-government. The pitiful representation of Ireland in a foreign land
can but little avail her for her own benefit. She is there in a minority
of one to six. The six give the law to the one, and with that one they
have nothing in common. They have other constituents, who are a
different people, who have clashing interests, who have national
antipathies and who may well feel contempt for the substitutes of that
parliament that traitorously sold its country. Such are the legislators
who have bound Ireland in fetters.

The consequences are the same as heretofore: discontent and
remonstrance, and a proclamation to all Europe, showing how easy it
would be to dismember the United Kingdom. No loyalty will reconcile
rational beings to preserve an evil which they can exchange for a good;
so that those who make Ireland poor and enslaved, set before her, above
all other men, the advantages of separation. What can create a desire
for this remedy but ill-treatment? And so long as this treatment lasts,
how shall that desire discontinue? They stand in the relation of cause
and effect, and will for ever go on, or cease together.

It was the opinion of Emmet, that the legislative union was a measure
more suited to facilitate the despotism of the ministry than to
strengthen the dominion of England. Since the abuse of power has always
followed excess, no less in nations than individuals, a restraint upon
human actions is salutary for all parties, and the impediment that shall
stop the career of ministerial tyranny, will be found to work best for
the stability of the connexion. If this operate to the good of Ireland,
she will observe it for its utility, an Irish parliament being then its
best preservative. If, on the contrary, it be made, as at present, to
sacrifice the many for the few, it will be viewed as a curse by the
Irish people—an evil that must be got rid of rather than a good to be
embraced and cherished.

At present we see those persons who deny a parliament to Ireland on
which to rest her peace and happiness, self-poised and self-protected;
we see them sedulous to change the state of the question, and to
represent the repeal of the legislative union as a schism in the
government. They would limit the people of Ireland entirely to England
for benefits—whence, then, have come their wrongs? An Irish parliament,
on the contrary, would be a bond of liberal connexion; it would settle
every question of domestic policy at home, prevent strife and
recrimination between both countries, secure to the affairs of Ireland,
a degree of attention which however necessary, they do not and cannot
obtain among the weighty concerns of a different people, in a foreign
legislature. It would remove the old opprobrious evil of legislation
without representation; for wherever this is partial and foreign, it is
inadequate: as relates to Ireland, it is worthless mockery. Why was a
borough-constituency vicious, but because it sent men to make laws for
the people who did not represent the people, who were returned by a
different body, and intent upon serving themselves and their employers.

The attributes of genius are not rare among the countrymen of Emmet, and
time is constantly developing the resources of mind. The labours of
intellect press onward for distinction, while names of high endowments
are forced back to make room for new reputation. They alone will be
remembered who have acted with an impulsive power on the destinies of
their country and kind. Among those who first taught how to overthrow
the misrule of Ireland, who exposed its cause and prepared its cure,
Emmet is distinguished. He had great influence in the adoption of those
measures which are still at issue between Ireland and her foes, and
which, in part obtained, in part withheld, are determinative of her
future happiness, as they shall finally fall or be signally successful.

The different depots of Dublin, which he hired, were, at his sole
expense, furnished with military pikes and handles, ammunition and
clothing. In one of these depots, gunpowder was manufactured: in the
others, timber was provided for constructing pikes, and those already
made, and his other arms and stores were there deposited.

It must be observed of the numerous persons connected with those depots,
that neither the certainty of an ample reward, nor the wavering
instability common to men engaged in danger and dangerous designs, could
draw the discovery from the impenetrable recesses of their fidelity: an
evident proof that the hearts of the people were with the project; or,
perhaps it was that the departments of the police of Dublin, were all
filled by men who had been deeply engaged in the cruelties of the
preceding rebellion, and who, being on that account stigmatized and
detested by the people, even those who were secretly inclined to give
information, were not willing to unbosom themselves to men whom they
regarded with so much horror.

We cannot resist the temptation to insert the following narrative, as
illustrative of the cruelties and abominations committed daily, and with
impunity, upon the unfortunate people of that dreadful period:

“After walking about a mile, we came to a neat thatched cabin, situated
in a very sequestered valley. A river ran before it, and a few aged
trees shaded the simple roof. The door was open, and, on our entrance, a
peasant rose to receive us. He smiled as he handed me a chair, and
looked inquisitively at my companion.

“‘Don’t you recollect Mr. J——?’ inquired the exile. This interrogation
was followed by a momentary pause, during which Howlan seemed lost in
reflection, after which he burst into an exclamation of surprise and
pleasure.

“‘Oh! blud-an-ounze!’ he repeated several times, ‘is this yourself—your
own four bones whole and sound after all? Well, well, I knew, I knew I
should see you again, though I was certain you were dead; and many is
the _pater-and-avi_ I said for your soul, though I believe you are a
Protestant. But where’s the harm in that? did not you fight like any
Roman for ould Ireland? and what more could a real true-born Catholic
do? Troth, some of them didn’t do as much, the _spalpeens_, or we
wouldn’t have now to begin again.’

“‘So, so, Howlan,’ said the Exile, ‘you haven’t yet learned to be
loyal?’

“‘Loyal!’ repeated the hero of Oulard, ‘no, in troth, for it is not in
my grain; and faith, I believe if I was paid for it, these stripes on my
back would not let me. Oh no, the crows will get white feathers before
Denis Howlan will forgive the Orangemen—bad luck to them.’

“‘I recollect,’ returned the Exile, ‘a part of your story, but the
apprehensions I was under when I first heard it, prevented me from
attending to the whole. Was not your father murdered?’

“‘Murdherd!’ repeated Howlan; ‘ay, murdherd over and over again; and
wasn’t I murdherd myself? But,’ he continued, ‘I’ll just tell it all
here to you both.’ Then, drawing his stool close to where we sat, he
proceeded:—

“‘My father, (Lord be marciful to his sowl in glory!) kept a snug little
farm on the righthand side of the road that goes from Gorey to Ferns;
and, though I say it, there was not a more _sasty_ man in the county of
Wexford. I, myself, was the youngest of three sons and two daughters,
and the devil a more genteeler family attended Mass of a Sunday than
Paddy Howlan’s. My two brothers were able strapping fellows, and faith,
there were worse boys in the parish than myself. You may be sure we were
real _Crappies_, and why but we should for our religion and country?

“‘The winter before the Rebellion, the Yeo’s[2] were out every night,
and dreadful work they made of it—burning, whipping, and shooting.—A
poor Catholic couldn’t live at all at all; and, as we expected that they
would give us a call; we hid our pikes and guns in the ditches, and, to
be sure, appeared as innocent as lambs. I shall never forget the 15th of
November; no, never, while there is a drop of Irish blood in my soul;
for, when I think of it, my brain boils, and my very flesh creeps, as if
there was a blister all over me. Well, as I was saying, on the 15th of
November, I was coming home from Enniscorthy market; and being after
taking a glass of the _creature_ with one friend or another, I was
pretty merry, and to make the road light, I was singing ‘_The Victim of
Tyranny_,’ and the ould mare a-self was so pleased with the tune, that
she kept the track as straight as a die, though the night was as dark as
pitch.

“‘Just as I came to the top of the _boughareen_, that led down to our
house, a fellow seized my beast by the halter, and while you’d be
looking round you, a score of bayonets was ready to pop into poor Denis.
“Hallo!” said I, “what’s this?” “You Popish rebel,” cried the officer,
for it was a party of the North Cork, “what song is that you were
singing?”

“Och, nothing at all,” said I, “only new words to an ould tune.”

“Ah! then, by ——,” said he, “you shall soon sing another tune, unless
you tell us of all the people you know to be United Irishmen.”

“Faith, and that’s what I can soon do,” says I, “for I know nobody.” The
word wasn’t well out of my mouth, when he ran his sword into my arm,
saying, “That’s a tickler to help your memory.” “Thank your honour,”
says I, “but as ye are not Yeo’s, I hope you will act decent, and let a
poor boy pass. My name is Howlan, and never did any man an
injury.”—“Howlan!” cried the officer, “you are the very man we want.
Have you not two brothers?” “Ay, and a father too,” I answered, quite
calmly, though I was in a terrible pickle, with the blood streaming down
my arm.

“‘I was then bid to drive down to my father’s house, and they all kept
quite close to me. The family were all in bed, and I, foolish enough,
called up my poor father, then seventy years of age, and my two
brothers. They came out into the lawn in their shirts, for they were so
frightened they forgot to put on their clothes, and if they hadn’t, they
could not, for want of time.

“‘My father said he had no arms; and when he protested, which was the
truth, that he was no united man, the sergeant knocked him down with a
pistol, and some of the soldiers began kicking of him while he lay on
the ground. My brothers, of course, (for what Christian would turn
informer?) refused to confess anything, and accordingly, the eldest was
taken and tied to a car, and a drummerboy proceeded to flog him at a
desperate rate, while one of the party, to give him light, set fire to
the barn. As the flames mounted up to the skies, I could see my
brother’s back, hackled like a raw griskin, while the poor fellow
refused to gratify his murderers with a single groan. My mother rushed
out, and falling on her knees, beseeching the villains to forbear, but
one of the soldiers gave her a kick in the stomach, and stretched her on
the pavement.

“‘Knowing how soldiers then treated young girls, I made signs to my
sisters, who had come to the door, to shut it, and remain inside. They
did so, before the soldiers could prevent them; and one of them having
seen what I had done, told the others, and in a minute there were a
dozen stabs in my body. My eldest brother was then released, and the
other tied up in his place, when my father, who had recovered, rushed
forward and seized the drummer’s arm. Poor man! the savages had no pity
on his tears, and he received several stabs!’

“Here Denis was overpowered by his feelings, and after hastily wiping
away one or two natural drops from his cheek, continued.

“‘I was now questioned about united men, and arms, and as I also refused
to make any discovery, they took and bound my hands behind me, and then,
taking the halter from the mare’s head, they placed it round my neck,
and raising the car up, hung me out of the back-band. They were too
cruel to let me die a natural death, and so cut me down a few minutes
afore I went to Paradise. I can’t tell anything about that time, but my
ould mother told me that my face was as black as a pot, and my tongue a
_bandle_ long. The first thing I recollect, after being hanged, was to
see the poor ould house in flames, the soldiers having set fire to it,
to get my sisters out, but they were disappointed, as the girls had made
their escape while they were hanging me.

“‘To make a long story short,’ continued Denis, ‘my father, myself, and
two brothers, were thrown into the cart, and marched off to Ferns. Next
day my father died in the guard-house; and after a week’s confinement,
my brothers and I were turned out with pitched caps upon our heads.[3]
We had now no house, no home, for my father’s life being the term of the
lease, the landlord had seized on our little all, and so we went to
service, as did my sisters, my mother having died in a month after my
father. My brothers were long before they recovered; and for myself,
I’ll feel the effects of that bloody night to the day of my death.’

“The tale of this untutored peasant, told in his own vulgar, but
expressive language, produced a painful interest on my feelings, while
it excited my indignation to that degree of frenzy, which made me
instantly determine upon the Quixotic resolution of finding out the
office under whose command the family of Howlan had been tortured, and
call him to an account or, at least, expose him to the world. Filled
with this extravagant notion, I inquired of Denis, as we walked along,
where the North Cork were now stationed.

“‘Lord bless your honour,’ replied Denis, ‘there’s not a man of them in
the land o’ the living, for I was at the killing of them all myself—and
quick work we made of it—on Oulard Hill.’

“‘Oh, I remember,’ said I, ‘Mr. J—— spoke of your generalship there. How
was that?’

“‘Why,’ replied Denis, ‘when I went to sarvice, my master lived in the
very parish with Father Murphy, who, God bless him, coming one day
through Ferns, saw the Yeo’s shooting poor Catholics like dogs, trying
how many of them a musket ball would go through at once; so in the
evening he called his congregation together in the chapel. It was as
dark as _bags_, and not a candle lightning to show us the way to say our
prayers. We were all silent as death, and you could hear a pin drop on
the floor while the priest was speaking. He tould us ’twas better to die
fighting for our religion and country, than be butchered like sheep by
the Orangemen. He said what was Gospel, and faith we took his advice,
and marched in fine order after him, and he in the middle of us to
Oulard Hill, where we encamped for the night. The Yeo’s fled like murder
at the sight of us, for they are the greatest cowards in the world, and
sent the sogers to frighten us: but faith, their day was passed, and
once we burnt the candle, we’d burn the inch. When the red coats
appeared, our faces were all manner of colours, and many proposed to run
away. ‘No, no,’ says I, ‘the priest and God is with us, and what have we
to fear? Here is a ditch and gravel hole, and lie in them till the
sogers come quite close, and when I cry out _Erin go bragh_, let every
man start up, and use his pike.’ My advice was taken, and Father Murphy
blessed us all. The sogers come up, sure enough with a fellow like a
turkey cock strutting before them on his horse, and when they came quite
near the ditch, he went behind them, and we could hear the words,
“Ready, present, fire!” Pop, pop, pop, went their muskets; but faith I
shouted out like a lion, _Erin go bragh_,[4] and it would do your heart
good to see what sport we had. They weren’t a breakfast for us, and I
had the pleasure, thank God, of sticking my pike into the rascally
lieutenant, who murdered myself and my father.”

Government had, by the month of June, discovered sufficient to quicken
its diligence, and the officers of the police appeared thenceforward
more alert and vigilant; notwithstanding which it was difficult to bring
them to believe that the project of insurrection was on foot. This state
of delusion continued until the fourteenth of July, the anniversary of
the French Revolution, which opened the eyes of many, and excited a
considerable degree of alarm. Bonfires were publicly made in
commemoration of that event, and collections of people, apparently
strenuous and decided, formed and partook in the festivity. On the
sixteenth, the depot of powder in Patrick Street blew up, in which there
were two men nearly suffocated; one of whom, in throwing up the window,
cut the artery of his arm, and bled to death, the other was taken
prisoner. Emmet was so alarmed at the discoveries this explosion would
lead to, that he quitted the house in Butterfield-Lane, and took up his
permanent residence at the depot in Mass-lane. He there had a mattress
to sleep on, that he might be present night and day to direct and
animate the workmen.

The interval of the seven days ensuing after the explosion, was employed
by Emmet and his associates either in deliberating on the propriety of
immediately flying to arms, or in concerting the most practicable mode
of commencing their operations. It was ultimately agreed upon to seize
the several depots and arsenals in the vicinity of Dublin; and above
all, it was universally determined to gain possession of the castle, as,
in that case, it was supposed they could more decidedly influence the
public mind by having the seat of government in their power.

As the day of attack approached, the greater part of Emmet’s adherents,
contemplating their danger, wished to defer the attempt. Emmet, however,
was peremptory in the opposite way of thinking. He represented, with an
impetuosity not to be resisted, that the militia was about to be
embodied; that the country would be placed every day in a more
unassailable posture, and by its multiplied measures of defence, become
impregnable.

The reader will probably not be displeased with the following extract
from the pen of the same writer whom we have so often quoted, as
illustrative of the kind, generous, and unsuspecting character of Emmet,
even under the most difficult and trying circumstances.

‘I learned from Denis that the conspirators met in a valley not far from
where we were, and that he was hastening to join them: I signified my
readiness to attend him; and, as Denis was not a man of ceremony, he did
not stand long upon punctilios, but immediately conducted me across a
heathy and desolate hill, towards the place of rendezvous.

‘The night had closed around us as we approached a mountain chasm, and,
after scrambling through a rude aperture in a stupendous rock, we found
ourselves in a kind of natural recess, formed by an amphitheatre of
surrounding hills, whose overhanging acclivities frowned in gloomy
horror upon the little valley. By the light of the stars we could
discern some persons, who had entered before us, proceeding towards the
opposite side, and we accordingly followed in their footsteps. We had
not proceeded far when the voice of a person speaking fell upon our
ears, and I had not to listen long before I recognized the deep, but
harmonious accents of my friend Emmet, as he addressed the people around
him, who appeared to be about the number of five hundred. His harangue
was on popular topics, of Irish grievances, and he spoke with a fervency
of manner that showed him sincere in the sentiments he uttered. When he
concluded, Malachy took his station, and proceeded to address the
peasantry. I could not but observe in his speech, superior ingenuity.
Emmet was more eloquent, but less artful; more impassioned, but less
logical. There was sincerity in every word he uttered, and patriotism
appeared to predominate in every measure he recommended, whilst humanity
breathed throughout his discourse. But Malachy addressed himself
directly to the passions, and so intimately blended religion with
politics, that his auditors could scarcely suppress the operation of
their feelings, and when he concluded, an involuntary burst of applause
followed.

‘Denis, who had listened with the utmost attention to both speakers, now
took me by the hand, and led me into the throng. Malachy cast his eye
upon me, and instantly exclaimed, ‘A Spy!’

‘A Spy!’ was re-echoed by a hundred voices, and in a moment the
deferential horror of all present caused a circle to be formed around
me, every man being eager to get as far as possible from what he
considered the contagion of my presence.

The indignation I felt at Malachy’s imputation for a moment deprived me
of speech, and felt as if riveted to the place, when Emmet kindly
stepped forward and took me by the hand. ‘My friends,’ said he, ‘there
is some mistake; Mr. K—— is a young man of liberal principles, and high
notions of honour, and I am certain that he is incapable of betraying
our secret, much less acting as a spy upon our proceedings.’—‘You do me
but justice,’ I replied, ‘for I came here this night to learn if your
cause was such as required or deserved the assistance of a freeman’s
arm, and not basely to betray my countrymen, for I trust those that
surround me will not refuse me the fraternal embrace because I was born
in England, while my parents and heart were ever Irish.’ This remark
elicited much applause, and I proceeded: ‘I trust that the person who
has imputed such a base motive to my presence here has mistaken me’—

‘You are right, Godfrey,’ interrupted Malachy, with the utmost
familiarity, ‘I did indeed mistake you for another person.’

‘I thought as much,’ said Emmet, ‘and let us now rejoice that our cause,
the noblest in which man was ever engaged, has received the acquisition
of a pure spirit, who feels indignant at our wrongs, and who burns to
avenge them.’

After this conference, many of his partisans slunk away, and declined
all farther participation in the affair; others, however, and those the
majority, resolutely determined to follow the fortunes of their beloved
leader, and declared that they would not desert him although they
advanced with the certainty of utter destruction to themselves or their
cause. The die was cast, and all further reflection was repelled by the
ardour and firmness of resolution.

Fortune, on this occasion, not to be accused of fickleness, seems never,
from his first embarking on this desperate adventure, to have been for a
single moment, auspicious to the devoted Emmet. His negociation with
Dwyer had failed, and a plan, even more specious, and on which he now
grounded the most sanguine hopes of success, proved equally fallacious.
A part of the plan of general attack determined upon, was to force the
batteries and stores at the mouth of the harbour of Dublin, by the
assistance of those working people from the counties of Wicklow and
Wexford, who in the months of June and July, repair in considerable
numbers, for the purpose of hay-making, to the neighbourhood of Dublin.
The minds of this class of men appeared by no means more softened, nor
their passions less alive to every motive of discontent, whether real or
imaginary, than they were at the period of the rebellion in 1798, which
they had principally supported; and the daring conduct of which had
prepared and habituated them for similar encounters; their enmities were
fierce and vehement; their courage and resolution undoubted; it was
therefore natural that they should be selected as most useful and
valuable auxiliaries. For some time they had manifested the most cordial
concurrence; but on the 22d of July, the day before that appointed for
action, they, for some cause unknown, formally declared their
abandonment of the design. They did not, however, accompany their
refusal with any discovery of the plot.

For some days prior to the 23d of July, Emmet passed entirely in his
depot, reposing at night on a mattress thrown upon the ground, amid the
implements of death which he had there collected.

In a back house, recommended by its secluded and uninviting situation,
were about a dozen men at work; some busy making cartridges, while
others were casting bullets; some fabricating rockets, and others making
pikes. The heaps of muskets, and other warlike weapons, scattered
around, served to inspire a feeling of awe in the gloomy mansion of
incipient treason, singularly contrasted with the thoughtless levity
depicted upon the half-intoxicated countenances of those engaged in
preparing the instruments of death.

My friend, on seeing all safe, could not conceal his satisfaction; and
having distributed some money amongst the men, he dismissed them. As
they withdrew, he bolted the door, and throwing himself upon a rude
seat, seemed lost in the intensity of his feelings. I was not less
serious; for the workmen, the arms, and the gloom of the place, had
deeply affected my spirits, and brought upon my mind a desponding
impression, not unmixed with sensations of fear.

“My friend,” said Emmet, after a silence of several minutes, “how
ungrateful are mankind! how thoughtless are nations! The philosopher is
neglected, and the patriot unhonoured; yet, without knowledge and
liberty, how valueless all the possessions of man! How little do those
who profit by wisdom, or glory in the possession of freedom, know of the
student’s privations, or the conspirator’s danger! and without study and
treason, how few could be either wise or free? Nations, exulting in the
enjoyment of their rights, but too often forget those to whom they are
indebted for the blessing. Englishmen continually boast of their
liberty, yet how many Britons are the names of Sydney and Hampden as
vague as those of Gallitzin and William Tell? The sound is familiar, but
it scarcely raises a single association.

“The hope of applause,” I replied, “though it may stimulate our
exertions, should never be allowed to direct our actions, and he that is
honoured by the discerning may readily dispense with the plaudits of the
vulgar.

“True,” he returned: “but those who benefit mankind may at least expect
gratitude; and, if the danger encountered by the patriot may be allowed
to enhance the debt, I know of none who has so large a demand as the
conspirator, whose object is universal good. After once he imparts his
schemes to others, he lives in continual apprehension; every stranger is
an object of suspicion; every incident is pregnant with danger. The
mistakes of his friends may ruin him, and a concealed enemy may lurk
amongst his associates; for, as his designs require numerous abettors,
it is very difficult to select many men without including some traitor;
and one informer is sufficient to blast all his hopes—as a single spark
will cause the explosion of the largest powder magazine. I have latterly
felt so acutely the uncertainty of my situation, that I am determined to
hasten the event of our plan; for any conclusion would be preferable to
protracted suspense.

“I know not,” I replied, “whether it is desirable to persist in your
scheme, for the reasoning of our friend, the Exile, never appeared to me
so rational as since I entered this depot of Rebellion. A thousand
thoughts start up in my mind, which I can neither allay nor
satisfactorily account for. These scattered instruments of destruction
proclaim, that in the event of an insurrection, numbers must die; but
how many are to taste the bitterness of death defies human calculation.
Ourselves, too, may be among the fallen, and, what is more, the cause
may be unsuccessful.

“All these,” interrupted Emmet, “depend upon events and circumstances,
about which we can know nothing positive; ’tis for us only to ascertain
the probability of success, and to persevere in the course which honour
and duty point cut. Enough for us to know, that Ireland requires the
standard of revolt to be raised by some one, and that neither defeat nor
triumph can add to or diminish our consciousness of rectitude.
Impediments may crowd the long perspective before us, but beyond these
are glory, honours, and immortality—rewards, for obtaining which no
sacrifice is too great—no enterprize too dangerous.

“Let not,” he continued, “my apprehensions, too carelessly expressed,
damp the ardor of your soul, for the reasons which first induced you to
embark in this best of causes are the same now as then, whatever
arguments you may have heard to the contrary. We are young and
unincumbered; defeat can neither distress our friends nor ruin
ourselves, for what have we to lose but life? And life is held on so
uncertain a tenure, that a thousand daily accidents may deprive us of
it, and that too so suddenly and so soon as to leave our memory without
an accompanying deed to keep it afloat on the stream of time. Admitting
for an instant that we shall (which Heaven forbid!) be unsuccessful,
think not that our endeavours will be forgotten, or that our country
will cease to remember us. No, my friend, the tyrant laws may condemn
us, and tyrant authority asperse and vilify our characters; but rely on
it that Irishmen shall reverence the names of K—— and Emmet while
patriotism has admirers, or Ireland a friend. Our country has never been
ungrateful, and so few have been her benefactors, that she is prodigal
of thanks for even dubious favours. Of us she can have but one opinion,
for ingenuous enmity cannot attribute any but laudable motives to our
designs. For Ireland I will spend my private fortune, and for Ireland I
shall, please God, venture my life. Kosciusko is a name as beloved in
Poland as that of Washington in America.

“But reverse this gloomy picture, and look—as humanity should ever
look—upon the bright side of things; for defeat does not always
terminate daring enterprises. Reflect upon the consequences of success;
our enemies vanquished, our arms triumphant, and Ireland free! Our names
associated with the liberators of nations, and ourselves overwhelmed
with the grateful benedictions of an emancipated people. Our youth will
increase the general wonder, and the means by which we shall achieve
such illustrious actions will augment the pleasing amazement. Add to
this the exalted stations we shall occupy, and the joyful approbation of
our own bosoms; and tell me, is not our present situation, taking all
things into account, one that might well be envied? Defeat cannot
deprive us of honor, nor death of glory; while success, if obtained, has
in store for us all those rewards which ever graced the most fortunate
of mankind.

“Opportunities for great actions,” says the moralist “occur but seldom,
and surely he ill deserves honour who lets the opportunity pass when it
presents itself. Glory has found us, and let us embrace her; the tide of
our affairs is at the flood, and let us embark upon the waves of
fortune: we are all attended, and Heaven seems propitious. A thousand
years may pass, and a more favourable moment may not again occur.

“What, still thoughtful? Oh, I see, Miss J—— has whispered something
into your ear which has operated unfavourably upon your mind. Well, I
can excuse you, for a being of such perfect loveliness might well
disturb a hermit’s prayer, though I will not allow her to divert a
patriot’s purpose.”

“Then,” said I, “you will not pardon love in a conspirator?”

“I can not only pardon it,” he replied, “but sincerely wish that the
tender passion may be always blended with the _amor patriæ_ for he that
anticipates the commendation of a beloved mistress, can never act
dishonourably. My friend,” he continued, rising, and taking me by the
hand, “I, too, have one whose praise I wish to merit, and whose
exaltation, next to my country, is the first wish of my heart. She is
kind, she is lovely, and Heaven only knows how good!”—

“And yet,” I interrupted, “you would fling away this jewel, without
having the untutored Indian’s apology, for you know its value.”

“I know its value,” he rejoined, “and, because I know it, I wish to
place it where its worth may be appreciated. The stagnant vale of
inglorious ease is for those domestic enamoured souls who are content to
pass a life of inactive worthlessness, and who wish to enjoy affection
without having merited love. Mine is a higher ambition: I must make
myself worthy of the woman of my choice, and the glory which shed its
lustre on the husband shall reflect its splendour on the wife. Heaven
forbid that an excusable passion should thwart the great design of my
life, or cause me for an instant to neglect my country’s good, for the
purpose of promoting my own personal advantage. What earthly possession
could equal the glory of having freed Ireland from foreign domination?
and, though failure might partially obstruct its rays, we never can be
deprived of the consciousness of having deserved it.”

His magazine was by no means despicable. It comprised the following
warlike implements: 145 lbs of cannon powder, in bundles—eleven boxes of
fine powder—one hundred bottles filled with powder, enveloped with
musket balls, and covered with canvass—two hundred and forty-six hand
grenades, formed of ink bottles, filled with powder, and encircled with
buck shot—sixty-two thousand rounds of musket ball cartridge—three
bushels of musket balls—a quantity of tow mixed with tar and gunpowder,
and other combustible matter, for throwing against wood work, which,
when ignited, would cause an instantaneous conflagration; sky rockets,
and other signals, &c., and false beams filled with combustibles; with
no less than twenty thousand pikes.

This super abundance of ammunition is an evident proof of Emmet having
promises of large supplies of men, in which promises he was fatally
disappointed; for, instead of having a force of thousands at his
command, he could only muster a few hundred on the evening of
engagement.

On the morning of the appointed day for this momentous enterprise, the
Kildare men were seen directing their hurried steps towards the capital.
They had collected about the depot in Marshalsea-lane and Thomas-street,
in unusual crowds, when about five o’clock they were persuaded by their
officers to return home. This, with the defection of the Wicklow and
Wexford labourers, would have deterred a less ardent spirit than that of
Emmet’s from proceeding. His, though damped, never quailed under the
danger that this disappointment was likely to bring on him and his
followers.

Towards dusk he directed the distribution of pikes amongst the waiting
crowds in Thomas-street, and proceeded to make the necessary
arrangements for the contemplated attack.

On the night of the 22d, we assembled at the depot, and, though every
thing wore a gloomy aspect, resolved to persevere. The different leaders
received their instructions; some were to assemble their forces in the
Barley Fields, now Mountjoy Square, some on the Coal-Quay, and others in
different parts of the town. These were to act only in case of seeing a
third rocket, which Emmet was to send up when he considered the time
arrived for the commencement of hostilities. Emmet, Malachy, Bryan, and
I, were to head the forces which were to attack the castle.

Every thing being thus arranged, I bid my companions farewell for the
night, and returned to my lodgings. I could sleep but little, and when I
awoke the next morning, the consciousness of being on the eve of a great
event, filled my mind with gloomy apprehensions. To reflect, however,
was now useless, and without giving my thoughts time to inform against
my purpose, I hurried to the depot, where I found all in confusion. The
place was thronged by insurgents, who had arrived from the country, and
whose presence served to obstruct the workmen. Malachy and Emmet, with
astonishing firmness, gave directions; and I was handed the printed
proclamation to read.

As I looked upon the expressive countenances of the desperate and
infatuated men around me, I could not resist the gloomy prescience which
the scene was calculated to impart. It was a moment I would not wish to
go through again, there was so much of foreboding evil—so much of
personal misfortune to be apprehended—and so much toil and peril which
must be endured, whether the rebellion triumphed or was crushed. My
imagination, like a prism, collected all the rays of evil from probable
discomfiture, and showed me, in aggravated horror, all the dangers I had
to encounter. However, to recede was now impossible, without incurring
the imputation of cowardice, or what was more intolerable, the suspicion
of my associates. Actual hostility was preferable to either of these;
and, making a virtue of necessity, I recalled the memory of those
conspirators who had been successful, and fortified my resolution by
anticipating the same fortune, though every thing around might have
taught a rational man the extravagant folly of hoping to subvert a
powerful government with a few hundred men, partially armed. These, it
is true, we thought, had only to raise the standard of rebellion, and
thousands were ready to support it, but in future, who will rely upon
the promises of conspirators?

About six o’clock, Emmet, Malachy, one or two others, and myself, put on
our green uniform, trimmed with gold-lace, and selected our arms. The
insurgents, who had all day been well plied with whiskey, began to
prepare for commencing an attack upon the Castle; and when all was
ready, Emmet made an animated address to the conspirators. At eight
o’clock precisely, we sallied out of the depot, and when we arrived in
Thomas-Street, the insurgents gave three deafening cheers.

The consternation excited by our presence defies description. Every
avenue emptied its curious hundreds, and almost every window exhibited
half a dozen inquisitive heads, while peaceable shopkeepers ran to their
doors, and beheld with amazement a lawless band of armed insurgents, in
the midst of a peaceable city, an hour at least before dark. The scene
at first might have appeared amusing to a careless spectator, from the
singular dubious character which the riot wore; but when the rocket
ascended, and burst over the heads of the people, the aspect of things
underwent an immediate and wonderful change. The impulse of the moment
was self-preservation; and those who, a few minutes before, seemed to
look on with vacant wonder, now assumed a face of horror, and fled with
precipitation. The wish to escape was simultaneous, and the eagerness
with which the people retreated from before us impeded their flight, as
they crowded upon one another in the entrance of alleys, courtways, and
lanes; while the screams of women and children were frightful and
heart-rending.

“To the Castle!” cried our enthusiastic leader, drawing his sword, and
his followers appeared to obey; but when we reached the Market-house our
adherents had wonderfully diminished, there not being more than twenty
insurgents with us.

“Fire the rocket!” cried Malachy.

“Hold awhile” said Emmet, snatching the match from the man’s hand who
was about applying it. “Let no lives be unnecessarily lost. Run back and
see what detains the men.”

Malachy obeyed; and we remained near the Market-house, waiting their
arrival until the soldiers approached.

“Our cause is lost!” exclaimed Emmet, snatching the rockets from the
man’s hand who carried them, and trampling them under his feet, he
continued, “Let our friends at a distance escape comrades, provide for
your own safety.”

A skirmish now ensued, and we succeeded in forcing our way into
Francis-street, but had not proceeded far before we saw another party of
soldiers advancing against us from the Coombe.

“This way sir!” cried a voice I had heard before, and Denis Howlan
seized my arms, and pulled me into a street (Plunket-street;) full of
old clothes shops. About a dozen doors down we turned into a shop, Denis
asked as we entered, “Friend or foe?” “Friend!” cried an old man,
hurrying us into a back parlour, and then up stairs. “The roof, the
roof,” he whispered; and accordingly we made our exit through a dorman
window. In the gutter, between the houses, we found three men, who had
sought that place of safety; and, having also danger to apprehend, we
took like them a recumbent posture.

Throughout the night our ears were assailed with noises like those of a
town suddenly attacked—bells ringing—drums beating, and all the clamor
of war—while an occasional shot announced that our danger was not over.
My companions sent up incessant prayers for the safety of their
enthusiastic leader, and, as I loved the man, I heartily joined in their
observations.

It was during the progress of the insurgents from the depot, that the
attention of the rear was diverted by the arrival of an equipage; a
moment’s enquiry satisfied the mob it was that of the lord chief justice
of Ireland. A halt was instantly called, disorder and tumult prevailed;
the heads of the advancing party immediately returned upon their steps,
and the massacre of the venerable Lord Kilwarden was called for and
committed by some cold-blooded ruffians amongst them!

It is universally agreed that the murder of this excellent man was the
unpremeditated act of a ferocious rabble; but there are various accounts
of their probable motives in wantonly sacrificing so upright and humane
a judge to their fury. A popular explanation of this is, that the
perpetrators mistook him for another person. There is also an account
which admits the mistake in the first instance, but sub-joins other
particulars, which appear sufficiently probable; and as some of the
facts, of which there is no doubt, reflect the highest honour upon Lord
Kilwarden’s memory, the whole shall be here given.

In the year 1795, when he was attorney general, a number of young men
(all of whom were between the ages of fifteen and twenty) were indicted
for high treason. Upon the day appointed for their trial, they appeared
in the dock wearing shirts with tuckers and open collars, in the manner
usual with boys. When the chief justice of the King’s Bench, before whom
they were to be tried, came into court. and observing them, he called
out, “Well, Mr. Attorney, I suppose you’re ready to go on with the
trials of these _tuckered_ traitors?” The attorney-general was ready,
and had attended for the purpose; but indignant and disgusted at hearing
such language from the judgment seat, he rose and replied, “No, my lord,
I am _not_ ready; and (added he, in a low tone to one of the prisoner’s
counsel who was near him) if I have any power to save the lives of these
boys, whose extreme youth I did not before observe, that man shall never
have the gratification of passing sentence upon a single one of those
_tuckered_ traitors.” He performed his promise, and soon after procured
pardons for them all, upon the condition of their expatriating
themselves for ever; but one of them obstinately refusing to accept the
pardon upon that condition, he was tried, convicted and executed. Thus
far the fact upon credible authorities; what follows is given as an
unauthenticated report. After the death of this young man, his
relatives, it is said, readily listening to every misrepresentation
which flattered their resentment, became persuaded that the
attorney-general had selected him alone to suffer the utmost severity of
the law. One of these, (a person named Shannon) was an insurgent on the
23d of July, and when Lord Kilwarden, hearing the popular cry of
vengeance, exclaimed from his carriage, “It is I Kilwarden, chief
justice of the King’s Bench!” “Then!” cried out Shannon, “you’re the man
that _I_ want!” and plunged a pike into his lordship’s body.

It was at this period, it is asserted, that Mr. Emmet, and the other
leaders, who had been somewhat more than an hour engaged in a task far
beyond their powers, retired in despair at finding all command
disregarded, all efforts to produce subordination ineffectual; and their
favorite project of seizing the castle rejected for the slightest
opportunity that occurred of indulging the predatory disposition of
their associates to rapine and murder. It has been urged in their
favour, that shocked and disgusted at the murder of Lord Kilwarden, the
chiefs instantaneously came to the resolution of abandoning their
unprincipled followers.

A detachment of the regular army coming up now, commenced a brisk fire
on the remaining insurgents, and obliged them, after a short resistance,
to seek safety in flight. A party of soldiers, stationed at the Coombe,
under Lieutenant Douglas, was attacked by the mob who were retiring from
Thomas-street, and made to give way after a severe skirmish. At this
attack the bravery of a venerable old man shone conspicuous; his son was
attacked and sorely pressed by the bayonet of one of the soldiers, and
would inevitably have been sacrificed, had not the parent, who saw his
danger, stept in and received the blow intended for the son.

The soldier suffered the fate he gave; he was piked instantaneously by
the infuriate youth, who retired with agonized feelings, leaving the two
bodies side by side,—sad mementos of the effects of bad laws and
misgovernment. It was never exactly known the numbers of lives lost on
this night; it is supposed, however, there could not be less than
eighty, including the loss on both sides. Emmet fled to the mountains;
he arrived in time to prevent a contemplated rising of the insurgents.
Immediately after, he and the other leaders in the conspiracy met in a
glen in the Wicklow mountains, to consult on plans of future operations.

“We had just gained the ascent of a lofty hill, on our way to the place
of meeting, when a shrill whistle, apparently not far distant, brought
us to a full stop, and in an instant, a dozen men started up, as if by
some magical agency from the heath around us. “Your name and business?”
demanded a gloomy-looking figure who stood before us, wrapped up in a
great cloak.

“Our names and business?” repeated Denis: ‘maybe we’ve neither; what
would you have then?’

“Your life!” replied our interrogator, approaching us with a pistol in
each hand. “Hold!” exclaimed a man rushing between us, “these are
friends. You _spalpeen_, don’t you know Denis Howlan?”

“Faith, Captain Dwyer,” said my companion, with the utmost _sang froid_,
“it just is Denis Howlan himself, and this is a real friend of Giniral
Emmet, though it is not himself that’s in it as he hasn’t got on his own
clothes.”

“No matter for that,” replied Dwyer, “hasten to the glen. The council
are meeting, and I am here to prevent intruders—pass on—good
night—Babes[5] to your cover.”

In the glen, as the outlaw had informed us, we found several persons
assembled; and when my name was announced, one of them advanced from a
circle formed round him, and seized my hand—it was the unfortunate
enthusiast, Robert Emmet. His manner was most kind and affectionate, and
he congratulated me, with every demonstration of sincerity, on my escape
from the slaughter of the preceding evening. He lamented the fate of
Malachy and Bryan, and seemed deeply affected at the discomfiture of his
scheme.

I soon learned that my friend, with some others, had escaped to these
hills on Saturday night, in time to prevent a contemplated rising of the
insurgents; and had met, this evening, the leaders in the conspiracy, to
consult on plans of future operations. Most of them recommended vigorous
measures; and strenuously advised an immediate attack on Wicklow,
Arklow, &c. stating that all the kingdom was ripe for revolt. The time
had passed for Emmet to credit such sweeping assertions, and though he
did not contradict his friends, he unhesitatingly condemned the having
any further recourse to hostilities. “For,” said he, “defeated in our
first grand attempt, all further endeavours must be futile. Our enemies
are armed; our friends are dispirited; and our only hope is now in
patience. The justice of our cause must one day triumph, and let us not
indiscreetly protract the period by any premature endeavours to
accelerate it. No doubt I could, in forty-eight hours, wrap the whole
kingdom in the flames of rebellion; but as I have no ambition beyond the
good of my country, best study her interest, and the interest of
freedom, by declining to elevate my name upon the ruin of thousands, and
afford our tyrants an apology to draw another chain around unhappy
Ireland. In revolts, the first blow decides the contest,—we have aimed
one, and missing the mark, let us retire unobserved, and leave the enemy
ignorant of the hand that was raised for their destruction. Impenetrable
secrecy surrounds all our measures; the loss we have sustained is
inconsiderable; and, unacquainted with their own danger, and the extent
of our resources, the tyrants of Ireland will relapse into false
security, and afford us, perhaps, sooner than we imagine, another
opportunity to attack the hydra of oppression. Let me, therefore, my
friends, advise you to act with that prudence which becomes men engaged
in the grandest of all causes, the liberation of their country. Be
cautious, be silent, and do not afford our enemies any ground for either
tyranny or suspicion; but, above all, never forget that you are _United
Irishmen_, sworn to promote the liberty of your country by all the means
in your power.

“I have now relieved my bosom from a load of apprehension, and in
preventing the revolt of last night from assuming the form of rebellion,
I am conscious of having saved the lives of thousands of my
fellow-countrymen. When the libeller of my name and intentions shall
charge the blood of yesterday to my memory, I hope there will not be
wanting some one to recollect, that if a little has been shed through my
means, I have saved the effusion of one hundred times as much, on which
I might have floated to a disreputable notoriety.

“Over my future destiny Fate has thrown a veil which mortal eyes cannot
penetrate. Should I succeed in evading the pursuit of my enemies, you
may expect to see me once more armed in the cause of Ireland; but should
I fall on the scaffold, let not the coward or the knave intimidate you
from again and again appealing to Heaven in behalf of your rights and
liberties by appealing to my recent failure. Oh! I beseech you, as
friends and fellow-patriots, to believe me, and in the name of our
common country I charge you to transmit it to your children, that, had I
only one thousand pounds more, and another thousand men, I had
overthrown the temple of despotism, and given liberty to Ireland. My
plan was an admirable one, but there was failure in every part, and from
these defects let future patriots learn to prevent similar consequences.
Our attempt will not be unproductive of good; our government will learn
from it, that they will never be secure while an _Emmet_ is in
existence, and the conspirator will see, that tens of thousands may know
his secret without even one being found capable of betraying it.
Gentlemen, you will now look to your own safety, and as for me, I shall
do the best I can to quit the country, in the hope of again meeting you
under more happy auspices.”

He spoke in a subdued and feeling tone, and as he bade them all
farewell, he appeared deeply affected. After some hesitation, his advice
was acquiesced in, and the assembly began to separate, two and three at
a time.

Emmet was now pressed to make his escape before government obtained
information respecting his place of concealment; an opportunity then
offered of his doing so, as several fishing smacks lay off the coast,
the owners of which were insurgents. He replied to his friends who were
pressing him:—

“I shall follow your advice in a few days; but I cannot yet quit
Ireland. Excuse my obstinacy, but there is one to whom I must bid an
eternal farewell, before the terrors of government shall force me into
exile. Why should I refuse to acknowledge the cause? for I am not
ashamed of a weakness that compels me to do an act of justice—to beg,
and, if possible, to obtain forgiveness from a woman whom I have
unintentionally injured—whom I have loved so well, that I must once more
see her, hear her, and converse with her, though ten thousand deaths
awaited on the interview. You now see, my friends, the cause of my not
complying with your advice, and though you should condemn my notions as
extravagant, I cannot consent to forego my resolution.

The lady to whom poor Emmet was so enthusiastically attached, was the
youngest daughter of the celebrated Curran; and, if report may be
credited, she was every way worthy of a heart so fond, so gentle and so
noble, as that of Robert Emmet.

Emmet returned towards Dublin on this very romantic business. To bring
about the wished-for interview, he wrote several letters from his
lodgings at Harold’s Cross, which he again took on this occasion.

While anxiously expecting an answer to his letter, the house he was in
was suddenly surrounded by police officers, headed by Major Sirr, who,
rushing into the apartment, seized him as he was sitting down to dinner.

Mr. Curran, in the case of Hevey _v._ Sirr, thus characterizes this
notorious individual:—

It was at this sad crisis (1798) that Major Sirr, from an obscure
individual, started into notice and consequence. It is in the hot-bed of
public calamity that such inauspicious products are accelerated without
being matured. From being a town-major, a name scarcely legible in the
list of public incumbrances, he became all at once invested with all the
real powers of the most absolute authority.

With this gentleman’s extraordinary elevation began the story of the
sufferings and ruin of Hevey. A man was prosecuted by the state; Hevey,
who was accidently present at the trial, knowing the witness for the
prosecution to be a person of infamous character, mentioned the
circumstance in court. He was sworn, and on His evidence the prisoner
was acquitted. In a day or two after, Major Sirr met Hevey in the
street, asked how he dared to interfere in his business? and swore, G—d,
he would teach him how to meddle with ‘his people.’ On the following
evening poor Hevey was dogged in the dark into some lonely alley—there
he was seized, he knew not by whom, nor what authority—his crime he soon
learned: it was treason he had committed against the majesty of Major
Sirr. He was immediately conducted to a place of imprisonment in the
castle yard, called the provost. Of this mansion of misery, Major Sandys
was the keeper. Here Hevey lay about seven weeks, he was at last
discovered among the sweepings of the prison. ‘Hevey,’ said the Major,
‘I have seen you ride, a smart bit of a mare—you can’t use her here—you
had better give me an order for her.’ Hevey, induced by hopes and by
fear, gave the order. The major accepted the order, saying, ‘your
courtesy will not cost you much—you are to be sent down to-morrow to
Kilkenny, to be tried for your life—you will most certainly be hanged,
and you can scarcely think that your journey to the other world will be
performed on horseback. Hevey was accordingly transmitted to Kilkenny,
tried by a court martial, and convicted upon the evidence of a person
under sentence of death, who had been allured by a proclamation,
offering a reward to any man who would come forward and give any
evidence against the traitor Hevey. Lord Cornwallis read the transmiss
of Hevey’s condemnation—his heart recoiled from the detail of stupidity
and barbarity. He dashed his pen across the odious record, and ordered
that Hevey should be forthwith liberated. On his return to Dublin, Hevey
met Major Sandys, and demanded his mare: ‘Ungrateful villain,’ says the
Major, ‘is this the gratitude you show to his majesty and to me, for our
clemency to you—you shan’t get possession of the beast.’ Hevey brought
an action for the mare; the major, not choosing to come into court and
suggest the probable success of a thousand actions, restored the
property.

Three years had elapsed since the deliverance of Hevey—the public
atmosphere has cleared—the private destiny of Hevey seemed to have
brightened, but the malice of his enemies had not been appeased. On the
8th of September, 1801, Mr. Hevey was sitting in a public coffee
house—Major Sirr was there—Mr. Hevey was informed that Major Sirr had at
that moment said, that he (Hevey) ought to have been hanged. Mr. Hevey
was fired at the charge; he fixed his eye on Sirr, and asked if he had
dared to say so? Sirr declared that he had, and had said truly. Hevey
answered, that he was a slanderous scoundrel. At the instant Sirr rushed
upon him, and assisted by three or four of his satellites, who had
attended him in disguise, secured him, and sent him to the castle guard,
desiring that a receipt might be given for the villain.—He was sent
thither. The officer of the guard chanced to be an Englishman, but
lately arrived in Ireland—he said to the bailiffs, ‘If this was in
England, I should think this gentleman entitled to bail, but I don’t
know the laws of this country—however, I think you had better loosen
those irons on his wrists, or they may kill him.’

Major Sirr, the defendant, soon arrived, went into his office, and
returned with an order which he had written, and by virtue of which Mr.
Hevey was conveyed to his old friend and gaoler, Major Sandys. Here he
was flung into a room of about thirteen feet by twelve—it was called the
hospital of the provost—it was occupied by six beds, in which were to
lie fourteen or fifteen miserable wretches, some of them sinking under
contagious disorders. Here he passed the first night without bed or
food. The next morning his humane keeper, the major, appeared. Mr. Hevey
demanded why he was so imprisoned, complained of hunger and asked for
the gaol allowance. Major Sandys replied with a torrent of abuse, which
he concluded by saying,—your crime is your insolence to Major Sirr;
however, he disdains to trample on you,—you may appease him by proper
and contrite submission; but unless you do, you shall rot where you are.
I tell you this, that if government will not protect us, by G—d, we will
not them. You will probably (for I know your insolent and ungrateful
hardiness) attempt to get out by an habeas corpus, but in that you will
find yourself mistaken as much as a rascal deserves.’ Hevey was insolent
enough to issue an habeas corpus, and a return was made on it, ‘That
Hevey was in custody under a warrant from General Graig, on a charge of
high treason.’ That the return was a gross falsehood, fabricated by
Sirr, I am instructed to assert. The judge, before whom this return was
brought, felt that he had no authority to liberate the unhappy prisoner;
and thus, by a most inhuman and malicious lie, my client was again
remanded to the horrid mansion of pestilence and famine. Upon this, Mr.
Hevey, finding that nothing else remained, signed a submission dictated
by Sandys, was enlarged from confinement, and brought the present
action.

The jury awarded Mr. Hevey 150_l._ damages.

The unfortunate Emmet betrayed no tokens of fear or perturbation, but
evinced the same calm and dignified aspect which ever distinguished this
extraordinary young man.

A few days after, he wrote Mr. Curran the following letter.


  _From Mr. Robert Emmet to John Philpot Curran, Esq._

  “I did not expect you to be my counsel. I nominated you, because not
  to have done so might have appeared remarkable. Had Mr. —— been in
  town, I did not even wish to have seen you, but as he was not, I wrote
  to you to come to me at once. I know that I have done you a very
  severe injury, much greater than I can atone for with my life; that
  atonement I did offer to make before the privy council, by pleading
  guilty, if these documents were suppressed. I offered, if I were
  permitted to consult some persons, and if they would consent to an
  accommodation for saving the lives of others, that I would only
  require for my part of it the suppression of those documents, and that
  I would abide the event of my own trial. This also was rejected, and
  nothing but individual information, (with the exception of names)
  would be taken. My intention was, not to leave the suppression of
  those documents to possibility, but to render it unnecessary for any
  one to plead for me, by pleading guilty to the charge myself.

  “The circumstances that I am now going to mention, I do not state in
  my own justification. When I first addressed your daughter, I expected
  that in another week my own fate would be decided. I knew that in case
  of success, many others might look on me differently from what they
  did at that moment; but I speak with sincerity, when I say that I
  never was anxious for situation or distinction myself, and I do not
  wish to be united to one who was. I spoke to your daughter, neither
  expecting, nor, in fact, under such circumstances, wishing that there
  should be a return of attachment; but wishing to judge of her
  dispositions, to know how far they might not be unfavourable or
  disengaged, and to know what foundation I might afterwards have to
  count on. I received no encouragement whatever. She told me she had no
  attachment for any person, nor did she seem likely to have any that
  could make her wish to quit you. I staid away till the time had
  elapsed when I found that the event to which I allude was to be
  postponed indefinitely. I returned by a kind of infatuation, thinking
  that to myself only was I giving pleasure or pain. I perceived no
  progress of attachment on her part, nor anything in her conduct to
  distinguish me from a common acquaintance. Afterwards I had reason to
  suppose that discoveries were made, and that I should be obliged to
  quit the kingdom immediately: and I came to make a renunciation of any
  approach to friendship that might have been formed. On that very day
  she herself spoke to me to discontinue my visits; I told her it was my
  intention, and I mentioned the reason. I then, for the first time,
  found I was unfortunate, by the manner in which she was affected, that
  there was a return of affection, and that it was too late to retreat.
  My own apprehensions, also, I afterwards found, were without cause,
  and I remained. There has been much culpability on my part in all
  this, but there has also been a great deal of that misfortune which
  seems uniformly to accompany me. That I have written to your daughter
  since an unfortunate event has taken place, was an additional breach
  of propriety, for which I have suffered well; but I will candidly
  confess, that I not only do not feel it to have been of the same
  extent, but that I consider it to have been unavoidable, after what
  had passed; for though I will not attempt to justify, in the smallest
  degree, my former conduct, yet when an attachment was once formed
  between us—and a sincerer one never did exist—I feel that, peculiarly
  circumstanced as I then was, to have left her uncertain of my
  situation would neither have weaned her affections, nor lessened her
  anxiety; and looking upon her as one whom, if I had lived, I hoped to
  have had my partner for life, I did hold the removing her anxiety
  above every other consideration. I would rather have had the
  affections of your daughter in the back settlements of America, than
  the first situation this country could afford without them. I know not
  whether this would be any extenuation of my offence—I know not whether
  it will be any extenuation of it to know, that if I had that situation
  in my power at this moment, I would relinquish it to devote my life to
  her happiness—I know not whether success would have blotted out the
  recollection of what I have done—but I know that a man, with the
  coldness of death in him, need not be made to feel any other coldness,
  and that he may be spared any addition to the misery he feels not for
  himself, but for those to whom he has left nothing but sorrow.”


The original, from which the above has been copied, is not signed or
dated. It was written in the interval between Mr. Emmet’s conviction and
execution.

Upon the arrest of Mr. Emmet, some papers were found upon his person,
which shewed that subsequent to the insurrection, he had corresponded
with one of Mr. Curran’s family: a warrant accordingly followed, as a
matter of course, to examine Mr. Curran’s house, where some of Mr.
Emmet’s letters were found, which, together with the documents taken
upon his person, placed beyond a doubt, his connection with the late
conspiracy, and were afterwards used as evidence upon his trial.

At the instance of the attorney-general, Mr. O’Grady, Mr. Curran
accompanied him to the privy council. Upon his first entrance, there was
some indication of the hostile spirit which he had originally
apprehended. A noble lord, who at that time held the highest judicial
situation in Ireland, undertook to examine him upon the transaction
which occasioned his attendance. To do this was undoubtedly his duty. He
fixed his eye upon Mr. Curran, and was proceeding to cross-examine his
countenance, when (as it is well remembered by the spectators of the
scene) the swell of indignation, and the glance of stern dignity and
contempt which he encountered there, gave his own nerves the shock which
he had meditated for another’s, and compelled him to shrink back in his
chair, silent and disconcerted at the failure of his rash experiment.
With this single exception, Mr. Curran was treated with the utmost
delicacy.

A special commission was opened to try Emmet and nineteen other
prisoners in Dublin, on the thirty-first of August, 1803, under Lord
Norbury, Mr. Finucane, and Barons George and Daly. Mr. Standish O’Grady
was the attorney general.

Of these nineteen, one was acquitted, and another reprieved; the rest
were convicted and executed on the evidence of various witnesses.

Amongst the unfortunate men convicted were some of the principle
associates of Emmet in the insurrection. Mr. Russel was the son of an
officer of reputation in his majesty’s service, and who, having retired,
enjoyed an honourable retreat in the situation of master of the royal
hospital for veterans at Kilmainham, near Dublin. He was placed early in
the army, and served at Bunker’s Hill, and the subsequent campaigns in
North America. After the peace, he either retired on half pay, or his
corps was reduced. He was affectionate and tender-hearted, and possessed
every feeling and sentiment of the gentleman. After the arrest of Emmet,
Russel introduced himself clandestinely into Dublin, with a view to
rescue his friend, if possible, under favour of some commotion. About
two days after his arrival, it became known that some person was
mysteriously secreted in the immediate vicinity of the castle.
Information to this effect having been conveyed to Major Sirr, that
officer proceeded to the examination of a house in Parliament-street,
where he was found, and to whom Mr. Russel, though well armed,
surrendered without resistance. It was supposed that he was, in this
act, influenced by a religious scruple. He was immediately transmitted
to Down Patrick, in the north of Ireland, where he was shortly after
brought to trial, and upon the clearest evidence of his treason,
convicted.—After his trial, he manifested all that wildness of religious
enthusiasm, which had for some time formed the prominent feature of his
character. On conviction, he addressed the court at great length, and
with remarkable firmness. He declared his adherence to the political
opinions for which he was about to suffer, and touched, in a tender
point, the gentlemen of the county of Down, by whom he was surrounded.
These gentlemen, although latterly become more anxious to secure their
property than to preserve the circle of their liberties, had been
foremost in the outcry for parliamentary reform and political
independence. Russel reminded them of this circumstance, and declared
that he was doomed to suffer for endeavoring to put into execution the
lessons imbibed amongst them.

A man of a different stamp was Dwyer. This man, at the head of a gang of
deserters and banditti, had remained in arms from the period of the
rebellion of 1798, obstinately rejecting repeatedly proffered mercy, and
who dexterously eluding all pursuit, had sustained himself under the
protection of the almost inaccessible fastnesses of the Wicklow
Mountains. His party did not ostensibly exceed twenty, but he was
supposed to possess unbounded influence over the peasants of the
district, so that a large body, on any notable undertaking, was within
his means of command. Dwyer and his band of outlaws afterwards
submitted, on the stipulation that their lives should be spared.

On Mr. Emmet’s trial, the several facts and circumstances already
narrated, were fully proved. He called no witnesses, and was found
guilty. Previous to the judge’s charge to the jury, Lord Conyngham
Plunket, who was then king’s counsel, and conducted the prosecution
against Mr. Emmet, made a speech of considerable length, and in the
severest tone of legal and political asperity, detailed the consequences
that would affect all social order, were such opinions as Emmet
entertained allowed to have any countenance from the mildness of the
laws, or the mistaken lenity, which is often exercised by the authority
vested in the sacred person of majesty.

When Mr. Emmet was put to the bar, and called upon by Lord Norbury to
offer what he had to say why sentence of death and execution should not
be awarded against him according to law, he rose with great firmness and
composure, and delivered a speech of remarkable force and ability. His
appeal to the memory of his parent was most affecting:—“If the spirits
of the illustrious dead participate in the cares of those who are dear
to them in this transitory life, oh! ever dear and venerated shade of my
departed father, look down with scrutiny upon the conduct of your
suffering son, and see if I have even for a moment, deviated from those
principles of morality and patriotism, which it was your care to instil
into my youthful mind, and for which I am now about to offer up my
life.”

In remarking on the language of the counsel for the crown, Mr. Emmet
said, that “In their early intimacy, he had actually inculcated into his
mind those principles for which he was now about to suffer.”

The following is the copy of a letter from Mr. Emmet to Mr. Richard
Curran:—


  “My dearest Richard:—I find I have but a few hours to live, but if it
  was the last moment, and that the power of utterance was leaving me, I
  would thank you from the bottom of my heart for your generous
  expressions of affection and forgiveness to me. If there was any one
  in the world in whose breast my death may be supposed not to stifle
  every spark of resentment, it might be you. I have deeply injured
  you—I have injured the happiness of a sister that you love, and who
  was formed to give happiness to every one about her, instead of having
  her own mind a prey to affliction. Oh! Richard, I have no excuse to
  offer, but that I meant the reverse: I intended as much happiness for
  Sarah as the most ardent love could have given her. I never did tell
  you how much I idolized her: it was not with a wild or unfounded
  passion, but it was an attachment increasing every hour, from an
  admiration of the purity of her mind, and respect for her talents. I
  did dwell in secret upon the prospect of our union. I did hope that
  success, while it afforded the opportunity of our union, might be the
  means of confirming an attachment, which misfortune had called forth.
  I did not look to honours for myself; praise I would have asked from
  the lips of no man; but I would have wished to read in the glow of
  Sarah’s countenance, that her husband was respected.

  “My love, Sarah! it was not thus that I thought to have requited your
  affections. I did hope to be a prop round which your affections might
  have clung, and which would never have been shaken, but a rude blast
  has snapped it, and they have fallen over a grave.

  “This is no time for affliction. I have had public motives to sustain
  my mind, and I have not suffered it to sink; but there have been
  moments in my imprisonment when my mind was so sunk by grief on her
  account, that death would have been a refuge.

  “God bless you, my dearest Richard. I am obliged to leave off
  immediately.

                                                          ROBERT EMMET.”


This letter was written at twelve o’clock on the day of Mr. Emmet’s
execution, and the firmness and regularity of the original hand-writing
contains a striking and affecting proof of the little influence which
the approaching event exerted over his frame. The same enthusiasm which
allured him to his destiny, enabled him to support its utmost rigour. He
met his fate with unostentatious fortitude; and although few will be
found bold enough to justify his projects since they were unsuccessful,
yet his youth, his talents, the great respectability of his connections,
and the evident delusion of which he was the victim, have excited more
general sympathy for his unfortunate end, and more forbearance towards
his memory, than is usually extended to the errors or sufferings of
political offenders.

What brought forth this wonderful effort of a young gentleman, unaided
and unsupported by any rational system of organization, uncountenanced
but by the humblest men in society, relying on his own great energies,
and the thousand circumstances which chance might throw up on the
surface of the political ocean? What animated the mind and spirit of
Emmet, night after night, and day after day? What? His enemies will say
it was ambition, a hope of personal aggrandizement, and a speculation of
personal exaltation, a sanguinary purpose to raise himself on the ruins
of all that was respected and cherished in society. To such enemies we
will reply that, if ever an enthusiast was animated with a pure and
unadulterated sentiment of the most disinterested anxiety for the
freedom of his native country—if ever there was a human being who was
ready to lay down his life for the comfort and happiness of his
fellow-creatures—if ever there was a heart that sincerely sympathised
with the sufferings of mankind, or that would cheerfully devote itself
at the altar, if such a sacrifice could procure the liberty of
Ireland—Robert Emmet was that man.

With an intellect of the highest order, eloquence powerful, commanding,
and inexhaustible; an integrity which no force could bend; a spirit
which no danger or suffering could intimidate; born of parents who were
the pride and boast of their country; the brother of those men who in
the birth-day of Ireland’s freedom, illuminated the political firmament,
and gave their country a hope that her freedom would be immortal; the
witness of her fall, and the spectator of her degradation, he gave
himself up to the dreams of his own imagination, and thought he saw the
liberties of his country achieved before he had formed his plan to
secure them. With all the customary characteristics of an enthusiast, he
seemed to disdain those humble calculations by which all human objects
are to be obtained. But Emmet achieved what no other man but himself
would have dared to attempt. With his single mind, and single arm, he
organized thousands of his countrymen, and besieged the government of
the country in their strongest position.

Mr. Emmet was executed on the day following that of his sentence, in
Thomas-street, at the head of Bridgefoot Street, opposite Catherine’s
church.

Robert Emmet, the lofty-minded patriot—the amiable enthusiast—the
warm-hearted friend, and ardent lover is no more! The hand of the
executioner extinguished the fire and energy of that soul, which burned
for his country’s good; and that tongue, of the purest and sublimest
eloquence, is now for ever mute.

He died as he lived, with heroic fearlessness, and decent fortitude. The
amiable, though enthusiastic Emmet, however, we hope has not died in
vain; our rulers must learn from his history that a people without
confidence is a moral Hydra, never to be deprived of the means of doing
mischief. The head of one rebellion is no sooner lopped off than another
is generated. The Hercules, who is to annihilate the monster, can only
be found in those acts of wisdom and justice, which are to reconcile the
people to their rulers, by making them freemen.

The fate of Robert Emmet demanded something more than tears, and
unprofitable as these may have been, we have continued to offer them
still to his memory. But let our private sorrows pass; history one day
will do him justice; we have thrown our mite in the scale in which his
reputation yet trembles; and, inadequate as that may be, it is sincere
and impartial. All ye who knew him in “his hour of pride,” go and do
likewise.

The following is extracted from a letter addressed to Mr. Rufus King
from T. A. Emmet, brother to Robert Emmet, on the subject of Mr. King’s
interference with the British government, as ambassador from the United
States, to prevent the Irish state prisoners of 1798 from emigrating to
America:—


  “Sir,—In the commencement of our negociation, Lord Castlereagh
  declared, as a reason for acceding to government’s possessing a
  negative on our choice, that it had no worse place in view for our
  emigration than the United States of America. We had made our election
  to go there, and called upon him to have our agreement carried into
  execution. In that difficulty, you, sir, afforded very effectual
  assistance to the faithlessness of the British cabinet. On the 16th of
  September, Mr. Marsden, then Under Secretary, came to inform us that
  Mr. King had remonstrated against our being permitted to emigrate to
  America. This astonished us all, and Dr. M Neven very plainly said
  that he considered this as a mere trick between Mr. King and the
  British Government. This Mr. Marsden denied, and on being pressed to
  know what reason Mr. King could have for preventing us, who were
  avowed republicans, from emigrating to America, he significantly
  answered, ‘Perhaps Mr. King does not desire to have republicans in
  America.’ Your interference was then, sir, made the pretext of
  detaining us for four years in custody, by which very extensive and
  useful plans of settlement within these states were broken up. The
  misfortunes which you brought upon the objects of your persecution
  were incalculable. Almost all of us wasted four of the best years of
  our lives in prison. As to me, I should have brought along with me my
  father and his family, including a brother, whose name perhaps even
  you will not read without emotions of sympathy and respect. Others
  nearly connected with me would have come partners in my emigration.
  But all of them have been torn from me. I have been prevented from
  saving a brother, from receiving the dying blessings of a father,
  mother, and sister, and from soothing their last agonies by my cares;
  and this, sir, by your unwarrantable, unprecedented, and unfeeling
  interference. Your friends, when they accuse me of want of moderation
  towards you, are wonderfully mistaken. They do not reflect, or know,
  that I have never spoken of you without suppressing, as I do now,
  personal feelings that rise up within me, and swell my heart with
  indignation and resentment. The step you took was unauthorised by your
  own government. Whether our conduct in Ireland was right or wrong, you
  have no justification for yours. The constitution and laws of this
  country gave you no power to require of the British government that it
  should violate its faith, and withdraw from us its consent to the
  place we had fixed upon for our voluntary emigration; neither the
  president nor you were warranted to prevent our touching these
  shores.—These remarks I address, with all becoming respect, to ‘the
  first man in the country.’ Yet in fact, sir, I do not clearly see in
  what consists your superiority over myself. It is true you have been a
  resident minister at the court of St. James’; and, if what I have read
  in the public prints be true, and if you be apprised of my near
  relationship and family connexion with the late Sir John Temple, you
  must acknowledge that your interference as resident minister at the
  court of St. James’s, against my being permitted to emigrate to
  America, is a very curious instance of the caprice of fortune—but let
  that pass. To what extent I ought to yield to you for talents and
  information, is not for me to decide.—In no respect, however, do I
  feel your excessive superiority.—My private conduct and character are,
  I hope, as fair as yours—and even in those matters which I consider as
  trivial, but upon which aristocratic pride is accustomed to stamp a
  value, I should not be inclined to shrink from competition. My birth
  certainly will not humble me by the comparison; my paternal fortune
  was, probably, much greater than yours; the consideration in which the
  name I bear in my native country was held, was as great as yours is
  ever likely to be before I had an opportunity of contributing to its
  celebrity.

  “As to the amount of what private fortune I have been able to save
  from the wreck of calamity it is unknown to you or to your friends;
  but two thingy I will tell you:—I never was indebted, either in the
  country from which I came, nor in any other in which I have lived, to
  any man, further than the necessary credit for the current expenses of
  a family; and am not so circumstanced that I should tremble “for my
  subsistence” at the threatened displeasure of your friends. So much
  for the past and present—now for the future. Circumstances which
  cannot be controlled, have decided that my name must be embodied into
  history. From the manner in which even my political adversaries, and
  some of my contemporary historians, unequivocally hostile to my
  principles, already speak of me, I have the consolation of reflecting,
  that when the falsehoods of the day are withered and rotten, I shall
  be respected and esteemed.—You, sir, will probably be forgotten, when
  I shall be remembered with honour, or if, peradventure, your name
  should descend to posterity, perhaps you will be known only as the
  recorded instrument of part of my persecutions, sufferings, and
  misfortunes.

                                                    THOMAS ADDIS EMMET.”

  _New-York, April 9, 1807._


                              MISS CURRAN.

       She is far from the land where her young hero sleeps,
         And lovers are round her sighing;
       But coldly she turns from their gaze and weeps,
         For her heart in his grave is lying.

       She sings the wild song of her dear native plains,
         Every note which he loved awaking;
       Ah! little they think who delight in her strains,
         How the heart of the minstrel is breaking.

       He had liv’d for his love, for his country he died,
         They were all that to life had entwined him;
       Nor soon shall the tears of his country be dried,
         Nor long will his love stay behind him.

       Oh! make her a grave where the sunbeams rest,
         When they make her a glorious morrow;
       They’ll shine o’er her sleep, like a smile from the west,
         From her own loved island of sorrow.

The evening before his death, Miss Curran was admitted into his dungeon
to bid him her eternal farewell. He was leaning in a melancholy mood
against the window of the prison, and the heavy clanking of his chains
smote dismally on her heart. The interview was bitterly affecting, and
melted even the callous soul of the jailor. As for Emmet himself, he
wept, and spoke little; but as he pressed his beloved in silence to his
heart, his countenance betrayed his emotions. In a low voice, half
choked by anguish, he besought her not to forget him; he reminded her of
their former happiness, of the long past days of their childhood, and
concluded by requesting her sometimes to visit the scenes where their
infancy was spent, and though the world might repeat his name with
scorn, to cling to his memory with affection. In parting, she turned
round, as if to gaze once more on her widowed love. He caught her eye as
she retired—it was but for a moment—and as the door closed on him, it
informed her too surely that they had met for the last time on earth,
but that they should meet in a better world, where man could not
separate them.

She loved him with the disinterested fervour of a woman’s first and
early love. When every worldly maxim arrayed itself against him—when
blasted in fortune, and disgrace and danger darkened around his name,
she loved him the more ardently for his very sufferings. If, then, his
fate could awaken the sympathy even of his foes, what must have been the
agony of her whose whole soul was occupied by his image? Let those tell
who have had the portal of the tomb suddenly closed between them and the
being they most loved on earth—who have sat at its threshold, as one
shut out in a cold and lonely world from whence all that was most lovely
and loving had departed.

To render her widowed situation more desolate, she had incurred her
father’s displeasure by her unfortunate attachment, and was an exile
from her paternal roof. But could the sympathy and offices of friends
reached a spirit so shocked and driven in by horror, she would have
experienced no want of consolation, for the Irish are proverbially a
people of quick and generous sensibilities.

The most delicate and cherishing attentions were paid her by families of
wealth and distinction. She was led into society, and they tried by all
kinds of occupation and amusement to dissipate her grief, and wean her
from the tragical story of her love. But it was all in vain.

There are some strokes of calamity that scathe and scorch the soul—that
penetrate to the vital seat of happiness—and blast it, never again to
put forth bud or blossom. She never objected to frequent the haunts of
pleasure, but she was as much alone there as in the depths of solitude.
She walked about in a sad reverie, apparently unconscious of the world
around her. She carried with her an inward woe that mocked at all the
blandishments of friendship, and “heeded not the song of the charmer,
charm he never so wisely.”

On the occasion of a masquerade at the Rotunda, her friends brought her
to it. There can be no exhibition of far-gone wretchedness more striking
and painful than to meet it in such a scene. To find it wandering like a
spectre, lonely and joyless, where all around is gay—to see it dressed
out in the trappings of mirth, and looking so wan and wo-begone, as if
it had tried in vain to cheat the poor heart into a momentary
forgetfulness of sorrow. After strolling through the splendid rooms and
giddy crowd with an air of utter abstraction, she sat herself down on
the steps of an orchestra, and looking about for some time with a vacant
air, that shewed insensibility to the garish scene, she began, with the
capriciousness of a sickly heart, to warble a little plaintive air. She
had an exquisite voice but on this occasion it was so simple, so
touching, it breathed forth such a soul of wretchedness, that she drew a
crowd, mute and silent around her, and melted every one into tears.

The story of one so true and tender could not but excite great interest
in a country remark for enthusiasm. It completely won the heart of a
brave officer who paid his addresses to her, and thought that one so
true to the dead could not but prove affectionate to the living. She
declined his attentions, for her thoughts were irrevocably engrossed by
the memory of her former lover.—He, however, persisted in his suit. He
solicited not her tenderness, but her esteem. He was assisted by her
conviction of his worth, and her sense of her own destitute and
dependant situation, for she was existing on the kindness of friends. In
a word, he at length succeeded in gaining her hand, though with the
solemn assurance that her heart was unalterably another’s.

He took her with him to Sicily, hoping that a change of scene might wear
out the remembrance of early woes. She was an amiable and exemplary
wife, and made an effort to be a happy one; but nothing could cure the
silent and devouring melancholy that had entered into her very soul. She
wasted away in a slow but hopeless decline, and at length sunk into the
grave, the victim of a broken heart.

          Her sorrows are numbered—no longer she weeps,
            Every pang she endured is requited;
          With endless delight, and in silence she sleeps,
            For in death with her love she’s united.

          Like Sidney he died, but his mem’ry shall live
            In the bosoms of those who deplored him;
          And Pity her purest of dew-drops shall give
            To the sorrows of those who adored him.

          For he loved—was beloved—but alas! in his bloom,
            The ordeal of fate here sore tried him;
          And his spirit took flight from this world of gloom,
            To that glory which here was denied him.

          From regions of bliss—the high Heavens above,
            Where sorrows can never invade him;
          He saw her distress, and he beckoned his love
            To ascend, and with joy she obeyed him.

          And she who is joined to the spirit she mourned,
            Now in bliss, ’tis in vain to deplore her;
          For her memory shall live in their bosoms inurned,
            Who vowed even in death to adore her.

          Whether hero, or lover, or else matters not,
            “Other times—other men shall divine him;”
          Let him rest with his love, by the world forgot,
            We have hearts large enough to enshrine him.


                          MY EMMET’S NO MORE.

       Despair in her wild eye, a daughter of Erin,
         Appeared on the cliff of a bleak rocky shore,
       Loose in the winds flowed her dark streaming ringlets
         And heedless she gazed on the dread surge’s roar.
       Loud rang her harp in wild tones of despairing,
         The time passed away with the present compairing,
       And in soul-thrilling strains deeper sorrow declaring,
         She sang Erin’s woes, and her Emmet’s no more!

       “Oh, Erin! my country, your glory’s departed,
         For tyrants and traitors have stabbed thy heart’s core,
       Thy daughters have laved in the streams of affliction,
         Thy patriots have fled, or are stretched in their gore.
       Ruthless ruffians now prowl through thy hamlets forsaken
         From pale hungry orphans their last morsels have taken;
       The screams of thy females no pity awaken;
         Alas! my poor country, your Emmet’s no more!

       “Brave was his spirit, yet mild as the Brahmin,
         His heart bled in anguish at the wrongs of the poor;
       To relieve their hard sufferings he braved every danger,
         The vengeance of tyrants undauntedly bore.
       E’en before him the proud titled villains in power,
         Were seen, though in ermine, in terror to cower,
       But, alas! he is gone—he has fallen a young flower,
         They have murdered my Emmet—my Emmet’s no more!”



                               THE TRIAL
                                   OF
                             ROBERT EMMET,
                                UPON AN
                      INDICTMENT FOR HIGH TREASON,
_Held, under a Special Commission, at the Sessions House, Green Street,
                  on Monday, 19th of September, 1803._

  JUDGES PRESENT.—LORD NORBURY, MR. BARON GEORGE, AND MR. BARON DALY.
                MR. STANDISH O’GRADY, ATTORNEY GENERAL.

To the indictment, charging him with compassing the disposition and
death of the king, and conspiring to levy war against the king within
the realm, Mr. Emmet pleaded not guilty. He was then given in charge.

The indictment was then opened, in substance, to the following effect,
by

                         THE ATTORNEY-GENERAL,

_My Lord, and Gentlemen of the Jury_:

It is my duty to state, as concisely as I can, the nature of the charge
which has been preferred against the prisoner at the bar, and also the
nature of the evidence which will be produced to substantiate the
charge. It will require on your part the most deliberate consideration;
because it is not only the highest crime of which at all times the
subject can be guilty, but it receives, if possible, additional
aggravation when we consider the state of Europe, and the lamentable
consequences which revolution has already brought upon it.

Perhaps at former periods some allowance might be made for the heated
imagination of enthusiasts; perhaps an extravagant love of liberty,
might for a moment supersede a rational understanding, and might be
induced, for want of sufficient experience or capacity, to look for that
liberty in revolution. But it is not the road to liberty. It throws the
mass of the people into agitation, only to bring the worst and the most
profligate to the surface. It originates in anarchy, proceeds in
bloodshed, and ends in cruel and unrelenting despotism.

Therefore, Gentlemen, the crime of which the prisoner stands charged,
demands the most serious and deep investigation, because it is in its
nature a crime of the blackest die, and which, under all existing
circumstances, does not admit of a momentary explanation.

Gentlemen, the prisoner stands indicted under a very ancient statute—the
25th of Edward III.—and the indictment is grounded on three clauses. The
first relates to compassing and imagining the death of the king—the
second in adhering to his enemies—and the third in compassing to levy
war against him. The two latter, namely, that of adhering to the king’s
enemies, and that of compassing to levy war, are so intelligible in
themselves that they do not require any observation upon them. But the
first admits of some technical considerations, and may require on my
part a short explanation.

In the language of the law, compassing the death of the king, does not
mean or imply necessarily, any immediate attack upon his person. But any
conspiracy, which has for its object an alteration of the laws,
constitution, and government of the country by force, uniformly leads to
anarchy and general destruction, and finally tends to endanger the life
of the king. And, therefore, where that design is substantiated, and
manifested by overt acts, whenever the party entertaining the design,
uses any means to carry his traitorous intentions into execution, the
crime of compassing and imagining the death of the king is complete.

Accordingly, gentlemen, this indictment particularly states overt acts,
by which the prisoner disclosed the traitorous imagination of his
heart—and, if it shall be necessary, those particular overt acts, and
the applicability of the evidence which will be produced to support
them, will be stated at large to you by the court, and therefore it will
not be necessary for me now to trespass upon the public time, by a
minute examination of them.

Gentlemen, having heard the charge against the prisoner, you will
naturally feel that your duty will require an investigation into two
distinct points: first, whether there has, or has not existed a
traitorous conspiracy and rebellion for the purpose of altering the law,
the constitution, and the government of the country by force?—And,
secondly, whether the prisoner has in any, and in what degree,
participated in that conspiracy and rebellion?

Gentlemen, I do not wish to undertake to speak in the prophetic: but
when I consider the vigilance and firmness of his majesty’s government,
the spirit and discipline of his majesty’s troops, and that armed valour
and loyalty which, from one end of the country to the other, has raised
itself for the purpose of crushing domestic treason, and, if necessary,
of meeting and repelling a foreign foe, I do not think it unreasonable
to indulge a sanguinary hope, that a continuance of the same conduct
upon the part of government, and of the same exertions upon the part of
the people, will long preserve the nation free, happy and independent.

Gentlemen, upon former occasions, persons were brought to the bar of
this court, implicated in the rebellion, in various, though inferior
degrees. But if I am rightly instructed, we have now brought to the bar
of justice, not a person who has been seduced by others, but a gentleman
to whom the rebellion may be traced as the origin, the life, and soul of
it. If I mistake not, it will appear that some time before Christmas
last, the prisoner, who had visited foreign countries, and who for
several months before had made a continental tour, embracing France,
returned to this country, full of those mischievous designs which have
been so fully exposed. He came from that country, in which he might well
have learned the necessary effects of revolution; and therefore, if he
be guilty of treason, he embarked in it with his eyes open, and with a
previous knowledge of all its inevitable consequences.—But,
notwithstanding, I am instructed that he persevered in fomenting a
rebellion, which I will be bold to say, is unexampled in any country,
ancient or modern. A rebellion which does not complain of any existing
grievances, which does not flow from any immediate oppression, and which
is not pretended to have been provoked by our mild and gracious king, or
by the administration employed by him, to execute his authority. No,
gentlemen, it is a rebellion which avows itself to come, not to remove
any evil which the people feel, but to recal the memory of grievances,
which, if they ever existed, must have long since passed away.

You will recollect, gentlemen, that in the large proclamation there was
a studied endeavour to persuade a large portion of the people that they
had no religious feuds to apprehend from the establishment of a new
government. But the manifesto upon which I am now about animadverting
has taken a somewhat different course, and has revived religious
distinctions at the very moment in which it expresses a desire to
extinguish them.

“Orangemen, add not to the catalogue of your follies and crimes, already
have you been duped to the ruin of the country, in the legislative union
with its tyrant; attempt not an opposition; return from the paths of
delusion; return to the arms of your countrymen, who will receive and
hail your repentance. Countrymen of all descriptions, let us act with
union and concert; all sects, Catholic, Protestant, Presbyterian, are
equal and indiscriminately embraced in the benevolence of our object?” I
will not apply to this passage all the observations that press upon my
mind, because I am sincerely desirous that one feeling and one spirit
should animate us all. I cannot but lament that there should be so many
sectaries in religion, but trust in God there will be found amongst us
but one political faith. But this manifesto is equally unfortunate in
every instance in which it prescribes moderation. Attend to the advice
by which it instigates the citizens of Dublin: “In a city each street
becomes a defile and each house a battery; impede the march of your
oppressors, charge them with the arms of the brave, the pike, and from
the windows and roofs hurl stones, bricks, bottles, and all other
convenient implements, on the heads of the satellites of your tyrant,
the mercenary, the sanguinary soldiery of England.”

Having thus roused them, it throws in a few words of composure,
“repress, prevent, and discourage excesses, pillage, and intoxication;”
and to ensure that calmness of mind which is so necessary to qualify
them for the adoption of this salutary advice, it desires that they will
“remember against whom they fight, their oppressors for 600 years:
remember their massacres, their tortures; remember your murdered
friends, your burned houses, your violated females.” Thus affecting to
recommend moderation, every expedient is resorted to, which could tend
to inflame sanguinary men to the commission of sanguinary deeds.

Gentlemen, you must by this time be somewhat anxious to know the
progress of the general, who escaped the memorable action which was to
be fought, and the first place in which I am enabled to introduce him to
you, is at the house of one Doyle, who resides near the Wicklow
mountains. There the general and his companions took refuge, at the
commencement of the following week: they arrived there at a late hour;
the general was still dressed in his full uniform, with suitable lace
and epaulets, and a military cocked hat, with a conspicuous feather. Two
other persons were also decorated in green and gold. From thence they
proceeded to the house of Mrs. Bagnall, and returned to the city of
Dublin. What became of the other persons is foreign to the present
inquiry, but we trace the prisoner from those mountains to the same
house in Harold’s Cross, in which he formerly resided, and assuming the
old name of Hewit; he arrived there the Saturday after the rebellion.

Having remained a month in this concealment, information was had, and
Major Sirr, to whose activity and intrepidity the loyal citizens of
Dublin are under much obligation, did confer an additional, and a
greater one, by the zealous discharge of his duty on this occasion. He
came by surprise on the house, having sent a countryman to give a single
rap, and the door being, opened, the Major rushed in, and caught Mrs.
Palmer and the prisoner sitting down to dinner; the former withdrew, and
the Major immediately asked the prisoner his name, and, as if he found a
gratification in assuming a variety of titles, he said his name was
Cunningham, that he had that day arrived in the house, having been upon
a visit with some friends in the neighbourhood; the Major then left him
in charge of another person, and went to inquire of Mrs. Palmer
concerning him; she said he was a very proper young man of the name of
Hewit, and that he had been in her house about a month: the Major at
this moment heard a noise, and he found that the prisoner was
endeavouring to make his escape, and having been struck with a pistol by
the person who had the custody of him, he was by that means detained;
immediately further assistance was called in from a neighbouring
guard-house, and an additional sentry was put upon him. The Major then
again proceeded further to interrogate Mrs. Palmer, when the prisoner
made another effort, got into the garden through the parlour window, but
was at length overtaken by the Major, who at the peril of his own life,
fortunately secured him. When the Major apologized for the roughness
with which he was obliged to treat him, the prisoner replied, “all is
fair in war.”

Gentlemen, you have the life of a fellow subject in your hands, and by
the benignity of our laws, he is presumed to be an innocent man until
your verdict shall find him guilty.

If upon the evidence you shall be so satisfied that this man is guilty,
you must discharge your duty to your king, your country, and to your
God. If, on the other hand, nothing shall appear sufficient to affect
him, we shall acknowledge that we have grievously offended him, and will
heartily participate in the common joy that must result from the
acquittal of an honest man.


                       EXAMINATION OF WITNESSES.

Joseph Rawlins, Esq. being sworn, desposed to a knowledge of the
prisoner, and recollected having been in his company some time in the
month of December last, when he understood from him that he had been to
see his brother at Brussels. On his cross-examination, the witness said,
that in conversations with him on the subject of continental politics,
the prisoner avowed that the inhabitants of the Austrian Netherlands
execrated Buonaparte’s government; and from the whole of the prisoner’s
conversation, the witness had reason to believe, that he highly
condemned Buonaparte’s conduct and government.

George Tyrrel, an attorney, proved the execution, in the month of June
last, of the lease of a house in Butterfield-lane, Rathfarnham, from
Michael Frayne to the prisoner, who assumed on the occasion, the name of
Ellis. Mr. Tyrrel was one of the subscribing witnesses to the lease, and
a person named Dowdall was the other.

Michael Frayne, who leased the above-mentioned house to the prisoner,
proved also to that fact, and that he gave him possession of it on the
23d of April preceding—that the prisoner and Dowdall lived there in the
most sequestered manner, and apparently anxious of concealment.

John Fleming, a native of the county Kildare, sworn:—deposed, that on
the 23d of July, and for the year previous thereto, he had been hostler
at White Bull Inn, Thomas Street, kept by a person named Dillon. The
house was convenient to Marshal-lane, where the rebel depot was, and to
which the witness had free and constant access, having been in the
confidence of the conspirators, and employed to bring them ammunition
and other things. He saw the persons there making pike-handles, and
heading them with the iron part; he also saw the blunderbusses,
firelocks, and pistols in the depot, and saw ball-cartridges making
there.—Here the witness identified the prisoner at the bar, whom he saw
in the depot for the first time, on the Tuesday morning after the
explosion in Patrick-street—(that explosion took place on Saturday, the
16th of July.) The witness had opened the gate of the Inn yard, which
opened into Marshal-lane, to let out Quigley, when he saw the prisoner,
accompanied by a person of the name of Palmer; the latter got some sacks
from the witness to convey ammunition to the stores, and the prisoner
went into the depot, where he continued almost constantly until the
evening of the 23d July, directing the preparations for the
insurrection, and having the chief authority. He heard the prisoner read
a little sketch, as the witness called it, purporting that every
officer, non-commissioned officer and private, should have equally every
thing they got, and have the same laws as in France. Being asked what it
was they were to share, the prisoner replied, “what they got when they
took Ireland or Dublin.” He saw green uniform jackets making in the
depot by different tailors, one of whom was named Colgan. He saw one
uniform in particular, a green coat, laced on the sleeves and skirts,
&c. and gold epaulets, like a general’s dress. He saw the prisoner take
it out of a desk one day and shew it to all present (here the witness
identified the desk, which was in court,) he also saw the prisoner, at
different times, take out papers, and put papers back into the desk;
there was none other in the store. Quigley used, also, sometimes to go
to the desk. On the evening of the 23d of July, witness saw the prisoner
dressed in the uniform above described with white waistcoat and
pantaloons, new boots and cocked hat, and white feather. He had also a
sash on him, and was armed with a sword and case of pistols. The
prisoner called for a big coat, but he did not get it, to disguise his
uniform, as he said, until he went to the party that were to attack the
castle. Quigley and a person named Stafford had uniforms like that of
Emmet, but had only one epaulet. Quigley had a white feather, and
Stafford a green one. Stafford was a baker in Thomas-street. About 9
o’clock the prisoner drew his sword, and called out to “come on, my
boys;” he sallied out of the depot, accompanied by Quigley and Stafford,
and about fifty men, as well as he could judge, armed with pikes,
blunderbusses, pistols, &c. They entered Dirty-lane, and from thence
into Thomas-street. The prisoner was in the centre of the party. They
began to fire in Dirty-lane, and also when they got into Thomas-street.
The witness was also with the party. The prisoner went into the stores
by the name of Ellis. He was considered by all of them as the general
and head of the business; the witness heard him called by the title of
general. In and out of the depot, it was said that they were preparing
to assist the French when they should land. Quigley went into the depot
by the name of Graham.

Terrence Colgan, the tailor named in the foregoing evidence, sworn.
Deposed, that on the Sunday previous to the insurrection, he came to
town from Lucan, where he lived, and having met with a friend, they went
to Dillon’s, the White Bull Inn, in Thomas-street, and drank, until the
witness, overcome with liquor, fell asleep, when he was conveyed in this
state, of insensibility into the depot, in Marshal-lane, and when he
awoke the next morning, he was set to work making green jackets and
white pantaloons. He saw the prisoner there, by whose directions
everything was done, and who, he understood, was the chief. He
recollected seeing the last witness frequently in the depot while he was
there. He also saw the prisoner often at the desk writing. The witness
corroborated the general preparations of arms, ammunition, &c. for the
insurrection.

Patrick Farrel sworn. Deposed, that as he was passing through
Marshal-lane, between the hours of nine and ten o’clock on the evening
of Friday, the 22d of July, he stopped before the malt stores, or depot,
on hearing a noise therein, which surprised him, as he considered it a
waste house. Immediately the door opened, and a man came forth, who
caught him, and asked him what he was doing there? The witness was then
brought into the depot, and again asked what brought him there, or had
he ever been there before? He said he had not. They asked him if he knew
Graham? He replied he did not. One of the persons then said the witness
was a spy, and called out to “drop him immediately,” by which the
witness understood they meant to shoot him. They brought him up stairs,
and after some consultation, they agreed to wait for some person to come
in, who would decide what should be done with him. That person having
arrived, he asked the witness if he knew Graham? He replied that he did
not. A light was brought in at the same time, and the witness having
looked about, was asked if he knew any one there? He replied he knew
Quigley. He was asked where? He replied that he knew him five or six
years ago in the College of Maynooth, as a bricklayer or mason. The
witness understood that Quigley was the person who went by the name of
Graham. Here the witness identified the prisoner as the person who came
in and decided he should not be killed, but he should be taken care of,
and not let out. The witness was detained there that night and the whole
of the next day, Saturday, the 23rd, and was made to assist at the
different kinds of work.

He assisted in taking boards off a car; the boards, he said, were made
into cases, and pikes put into them. These cases the witness described
as being made of the outside slabs of a long beam, taken off about an
inch or more thick—four or five inches at each end of the beam was cut
off, the slabs were nailed together, and these pieces put in at the
ends, so that it appeared like a rough plank or beam of timber. He saw
several such cases filled with pikes sent out. The witness stated that
on the evening of the 23rd, he saw three men dressed in green uniforms,
richly laced; one of whom was the prisoner, who wore two gold epaulets,
but the other two only one each. The prisoner had also a cocked hat,
sword, and pistols. When the witness was helping out one of the beams
prepared for explosion, he contrived to effect his escape.

On his cross-examination, in which the interrogatories were suggested by
the prisoner, the only thing remarkable in the evidence of the witness
was, that he heard a printed paper read, part of which was, that
nineteen counties were ready to rise at the same time, to second the
attempt in Dublin. The witness also heard them say, “that they had no
idea as to French relief, but would make it good themselves.” In answer
to a question from the Court, the witness said that he gave information
of the circumstance deposed in his evidence, the next morning, to Mr.
Ormsby in Thomas-street, to whom he was Steward.

Serjeant Thomas Rice proved the Proclamation of the Provisional
Government, found in the depot.

Colonel Spencer Thomas Vassal being sworn, deposed that he was field
officer of the day on the 23rd of July; that having gone to the depot in
Marshal-lane, he found there several small proclamations addressed to
the citizens of Dublin, and which were quite wet. He identified one of
them. The witness also identified the desk which the prisoner used in
the depot. Having remained about a quarter of an hour in the depot, he
committed to Major Greeville the care of its contents.

Questioned by the Court. The witness said that he visited the depot
between three and four o’clock on Sunday morning, it having been much
advanced in daylight before he was suffered to go his rounds.

Alderman Frederick Darley sworn. Proved having found in the depot a
paper directed to “Robert Ellis, Butterfield.” Also a paper entitled a
“Treatise on the Art of War.” The latter had been handed, at the time,
to Capt. Evelyn.

Captain Henry Evelyn sworn. Deposed having been at the rebel depot on
the morning of Sunday, the 23d of July, to see the things removed to the
barracks, and that he found a paper there, which, being shewn to him, he
identified. This paper was a manuscript draft of the greater part of the
Proclamation of the Provisional Government, altered and interlined in a
great many places.

Robert Lindsay, a soldier, and Michael Clement Frayne,
quarter-master-sergeant of the 38th regiment, proved the conveyance of
the desk (then in court) to the barracks; and the latter identified a
letter which he found therein. The letter was signed, “Thomas Addis
Emmet,” and directed to “Mrs. Emmet, Miltown, Dublin,” and began with,
“My dearest Robert.” It bore a foreign post-mark.

Edward Wilson, Esq. recollected the explosion of gunpowder which took
place in Patrick street, previous to the 23rd of July: it took place on
the 16th. He went there and found an apparatus for making gunpowder—was
certain that it was gunpowder exploded. Proved the existence of a
rebellious insurrection, as did also Lieut. Brady. The latter added,
that on examination of the pikes which he found in Thomas-street, four
were stained with blood on the iron part, and on one or two of them, the
blood extended half way up the handle.

John Doyle, a farmer, being sworn, deposed to the following effect:—That
on the morning of the 26th of July last, about two o’clock, a party of
people came to his house at Ballymace, in the parish of Tallaght, seven
miles from Dublin. He had been after drinking, and was heavy asleep;
they came to his bedside, and stirred and called him, but he did not
awake at once; when he did, and looked up, he lay closer than before:
they desired him to take some spirits, which he refused; they then moved
him to the middle of the bed and two of them lay down, one on each side
of him. One of them said, “You have a French General and a French
Colonel beside you, what you never had before.” For some hours the
witness lay between asleep and awake. When he found his companions
asleep, he stole out of the bed, and found in the room some
blunderbusses, a gun, and some pistols. The number of blunderbusses he
believed were equal to the number of persons, who on being collected at
breakfast, amounted to fourteen. Here he identified the prisoner as one
of those who were in bed with him.

The witness then further stated that the prisoner, on going away in the
evening, put on a coat with a great deal of lace and tassels, (as he
expressed it.) There was another person in a similar dress; they wore,
on their departure, great coats over these. The party left his house
between eight and nine o’clock in the evening, and proceeded up the
hill. The next morning, the witness found, under the table on which they
breakfasted, one of the small printed proclamations, which he gave to
John Robinson, the barony constable.

Rose Bagnal, residing at Ballynascorney, about a mile further up the
hill from Doyle’s, proved that a party of men, fifteen in number, and
whom she described similar to that of the preceding witness, came to her
house on the night of the Tuesday immediately after the insurrection.
Three of them wore green clothes, ornamented with something yellow—she
was so frightened she could not distinguish exactly. One of them was
called a general. She was not enabled to identify any of them. They left
her house about 9 o’clock on the following night.

John Robinson, constable of the barony of Upper Cross, corroborated the
testimony of the witness Doyle, relative to the small proclamation,
which he identified.

Joseph Palmer sworn. Deposed that he was clerk to Mr. Colville, and
lodged at his mother’s house, Harold’s Cross. He recollected the
apprehension of the prisoner, at his mother’s house, by Major Sirr, and
that he did lodge there the preceding spring, at which time, and when he
was arrested, he went by the name of Hewit. The prisoner came to lodge
there the second time about three weeks before this last time, and was
habited in a brown coat, white waistcoat, white pantaloons, Hessian
boots, and a black frock. Those who visited the prisoner enquired for
him by the name of Hewit. At the time he was arrested there was a label
on the door of the house, expressive of its inhabitants. It was written
by the witness, but the name of the prisoner was omitted, at his request
because he said he was afraid government would take him up.

The prisoner, in different conversations with the witness, explained why
he feared to be taken up. He acknowledged that he had been in
Thomas-street, on the night of the 23d of July, and described the dress
he wore on that occasion, part of which were the waistcoat, pantaloons,
and boots already mentioned, and particularly his coat, which he said
was a very handsome uniform. The prisoner had also a conversation with
the witness about a magazine, and expressed much regret at the loss of
the powder in the depot. The proclamations were likewise mentioned by
the prisoner, and he planned a mode of escape, in the event of any
attempt to arrest him, by going through the parlour window into the back
house, and from thence into the fields. Here the witness was shown a
paper, found upon a chair in the room in which the prisoner lodged, and
asked if he knew whose hand-writing it was? He replied that he did not
know, but was certain that it had not been written by any of his family,
and that there was no lodger in the house besides the prisoner.

The examination of this witness being closed, extracts from the
proclamation, (vide the Attorney General’s statement) addressed to the
Citizens of Dublin, were read.

Major Henry Charles Sirr, examined. Deposed to the arrest of the
prisoner as follows: “I went on the 25th of August, to the house of one
Palmer. I had heard there was a stranger in the back parlour. I rode,
accompanied by a man on foot: I desired the man to knock at the door—he
did, and it was opened by a girl. I alighted, and ran in directly to the
back parlour—I saw the prisoner sitting at dinner; the woman of the
house was there, and the girl who opened the door was the daughter of
the woman of the house. I desired them to withdraw. I asked the prisoner
his name, he told me his name was Cunningham. I gave him in charge to
the man who accompanied me, and went into the next room to ask the woman
and her daughter about him; they told me his name was Hewit; I went back
and asked him how long he had been there? He said he came that morning.
He had attempted to escape before I returned, for he was bloody and the
man said he knocked him down with a pistol. I then went to Mrs. Palmer,
who said he had lodged there for a month; I then judged he was some
person of importance. When I first went in, there was a paper on the
chair,[6] which I put into my pocket; I then went to the canal bridge
for a guard, having desired them to be in readiness as I passed; I
planted a sentry over him, and desired the non-commissioned officer to
surround the house with sentries, while I searched it; I then examined
Mrs. Palmer, and took down her account of the prisoner, during which
time I heard a noise as if an escape was attempted: I instantly ran to
the back part of the house, as the most likely part for him to get out
at. I saw him going off, and ordered a sentinel not to fire, and then
pursued myself; regardless of my order, the sentinel snapped, but his
musket did not go off. I overtook the prisoner and he said, “I
surrender.” I searched him, and found some papers upon him.

“On the witness expressing concern at the necessity of the prisoner’s
being treated so roughly, he (the prisoner) observed, that “All was fair
in war.” The prisoner, when brought to the castle, acknowledged that his
name was Emmet.”

Here the case closed on the part of the crown, and the prisoner having
declined to enter into any defence, either by witnesses or his counsel,
an argument arose between Mr. McNally and Mr. Plunket, as to the
latter’s right to reply to evidence, when no defence had been made. Lord
Norbury said, that the counsel for the prisoner could not by their
silence preclude the crown from that right, and, therefore, decided in
favour of Mr. Plunket.

Mr. Plunket then addressed the court to a considerable length, and spoke
to evidence in effect, the same as the Attorney General.

Lord Norbury charged the Jury, minutely recapitulating the whole of the
evidence, and explained the law.

The Jury, without leaving the box, pronounced the Prisoner—Guilty.

The judgment of the court having been prayed upon the prisoner, the
Clerk of the Crown, in the usual form, asked him what he had to say why
sentence of death and execution should not be awarded against him
according to law, Mr. Emmet addressed the court as follows.


                          _MR. EMMET’S REPLY._

MY LORDS,—I am asked, what have I to say why sentence of death should
not be pronounced on me, according to law? I have nothing to say that
can alter your predetermination, nor that it will become me to say, with
any view to the mitigation of that sentence which you are to pronounce,
and I must abide by. But I have that to say which interests me more than
life, and which you have laboured (as was necessarily your office in the
present circumstances of this oppressed country) to destroy—I have much
to say, why my reputation should be rescued from the load of false
accusation and calumny which has been heaped upon it. I do not imagine
that, seated where you are, your minds can be so free from impurity, as
to receive the least impression from what I am going to utter. I have no
hopes that I can anchor my character in the breasts of a Court
constituted and trammelled as this is. I only wish, and it is the utmost
I expect, that your Lordships may suffer it to float down your memories
untainted by the foul breath of prejudice, until it finds some more
hospitable harbour to shelter it from the storm by which it is at
present buffeted.

Were I only to suffer death, after being adjudged guilty by your
tribunal I should bow in silence, and meet the fate that awaits me
without a murmur; but the sentence of the law which delivers my body to
the executioner, will, through the ministry of that law, labour in its
own vindication, to consign my character to obloquy; for there must be
guilt somewhere: whether in the sentence of the Court or in the
catastrophe, posterity must determine. A man in my situation, my Lords,
has not only to encounter the difficulties of fortune, and the force of
power over minds which it has corrupted or subjugated, but the
difficulties of established prejudice; the man dies, but his memory
lives; that mine may not perish—that it may live in the respect of my
countrymen—I seize upon this opportunity to vindicate myself from some
of the charges alleged against me. When my spirit shall be wafted to a
more friendly port—when my shade shall have joined the bands of those
martyred heroes who have shed their blood on the scaffold and in the
field, in defence of their country and of virtue, this is my hope—I wish
that my memory and name may animate those who survive me, while I look
down with complacency on the destruction of that perfidious government,
which upholds its dominion by blasphemy of the Most High; which displays
its power over man as over the beasts of the forest; which sets man upon
his brother, and lifts his hand in the name of God, against the throat
of his fellow, who believes or doubts a little more than the Government
standard—a Government steeled to barbarity by the cries of the orphans
and the tears of the widows which it has made.

  [_Here Lord Norbury interrupted Mr. Emmet—saying, that the mean and
      wicked enthusiasts who felt as he did, were not equal to the
                 accomplishment of their wild design._]

I appeal to the immaculate God—I swear by the throne of Heaven, before
which I must shortly appear—by the blood of the murdered patriots who
have gone before me, that my conduct has been, through all this peril
and through all my purposes, governed only by the convictions which I
have uttered, and by no other view than that of their cure, and the
emancipation of my country from the superinhuman oppression under which
she has so long and too patiently travailed; and I confidently and
assuredly hope that, wild and chimerical as it may appear, there is
still union and strength in Ireland to accomplish this noblest
enterprize.

Of this I speak with the confidence of intimate knowledge, and with the
consolation that appertaining to that confidence. Think not, my Lords, I
say this for the petty gratification of giving you a transitosy
uneasiness; a man who never yet raised his voice to assert a lie, will
not hazard his character with posterity by asserting a falsehood on a
subject so important to his country, and on an occasion like this. Yes,
my Lords, a man who does not wish to have his epitaph written until his
country is liberated, will not leave a weapon in the power of envy, nor
a pretence to impeach the probity which he means to preserve even in the
grave to which tyranny consigns him.

            [_Here he was again interrupted by the court._]

Again I say, that what I have spoken was not intended for your
Lordships, whose situation I commiserate rather than envy—my expressions
were for my countrymen—if there is a true Irishmen present, let my last
words cheer him in the hour of affliction.

 [_Here he was again interrupted; Lord Norbury said he did not sit there
                            to hear treason._]

I have always understood it to be the duty of a judge, when a prisoner
has been convicted, to pronounce the sentence of the law; I have also
understood that judges sometimes think it their duty to hear with
patience, and to speak with humanity; to exhort the victim of the laws,
and to offer, with tender benignity, his opinion of the motives by which
he was actuated in the crime of which he was adjudged guilty. That a
judge has thought it his duty so to have done, I have no doubt; but
where is the boasted freedom of your institutions—where is the vaunted
impartiality, clemency, and mildness of your courts of justice, if an
unfortunate prisoner, whom your policy, and not your justice, is about
to deliver into the hands of the executioner, is not suffered to explain
his motives sincerely and truly, and to vindicate the principles by
which he was actuated.

My Lords, it may be a part of the system of angry justice to bow a man’s
mind by humiliation to the proposed ignominy of the scaffold—but worse
to me than the proposed shame, or the scaffold’s terrors, would be the
shame of such foul and unfounded imputations as have been laid against
me in this court. You, my Lord, are a Judge; I am the supposed culprit,
I am a man; you are a man also; by a revolution of power, we might
change places, though we never could change characters. If I stand at
the bar of this court, and dare not vindicate my character, what a farce
is your justice! If I stand at this bar, and dare not vindicate my
character, how dare you calumniate it? Does the sentence of death, which
your unhallowed policy inflicts upon my body, also condemn my tongue to
silence, and my reputation to reproach? Your executioner may abridge the
period of my existence, but whilst I exist I shall not forbear to
vindicate my character and my motives from your aspersions; and as a
man, to whom fame is dearer than life, I will make the last use of that
life in doing justice to that reputation which is to live after me, and
which is the only legacy I can leave to those I honour and love, and for
whom I am proud to perish.

“As men, my Lords, we must appear on the great day at one common
tribunal and it will then remain for the Searcher of all hearts to show
a collective universe, who was engaged in the most virtuous actions or
actuated by the purest motive—my country’s oppressors, or——

 [_Here he was again interrupted, and told to listen to the sentence of
                               the law._]

“My Lords, will a dying man be denied the legal privilege of exculpating
himself, in the eyes of the community, of an undeserved reproach thrown
upon him during the trial, by charging him with ambition, and attempting
to cast away, for a paltry consideration, the liberties of his country?
Why did your Lordships insult me? or rather, why insult justice, in
demanding of me why sentence of death should not be pronounced against
me? I know, my Lord, that form prescribes that you should ask the
question—the form also implies the right of answering. This, no doubt,
may be dispensed with, and so might the whole ceremony of the trial,
since sentence was already pronounced at the Castle, before your jury
was empanelled. Your Lordships are but the priests of the Oracle, and I
submit—but I insist on the whole of the forms.

    [_Here Mr. Emmet paused, and the Court desired him to proceed._]

“I am charged with being an emissary of France. An emissary of France!
and for what end? It is alleged that I wished to sell the independence
of my country! and for what end? Was this the object of my ambition? and
is this the mode by which a tribunal of justice reconciles
contradictions? No! I am no emissary; and my ambition was to hold a
place among the deliverers of my country—not in power, nor in profit,
but in the glory of the achievement. Sell my country’s independence to
France! and for what? Was it for a change of masters? No, but for
ambition! O, my country! was it personal ambition that could influence
me? Had it been the soul of my actions, could I not, by my education and
fortune—by the rank and consideration of my family, have placed myself
among the proudest of my country’s oppressors? My country was my idol;
to it I sacrificed every selfish—every endearing sentiment—and for it I
now offer up my life. O, God! No! my Lord; I acted as an Irishman,
determined on delivering my country from the yoke of a foreign and
unrelenting tyranny, and the more galling yoke of a domestic faction,
which is its joint partner and perpetrator in the patricide, for the
ignominy of existing with an exterior of splendour and a conscious
depravity; it was the wish of my heart to extricate my country from this
doubly-rivetted despotism. I wished to place her independence beyond the
reach of any power on earth—I wished to exalt her to that proud station
in the world.

“Connection with France was, indeed, intended—but only as far as mutual
interest would sanction or require. Were they to assume any authority
inconsistent with the purest independence, it would be the signal for
their destruction; we sought aid, and we sought it as we had assurance
we should obtain it—as auxiliaries in war, and allies in peace.

“Were the French to come as invaders or enemies, uninvited by the wishes
of the people, I should oppose them to the utmost of my strength. Yes,
my countrymen, I would meet them on the beach, with a sword in one hand
and a torch in the other; I would meet them with all the destructive
fury of war, and I would animate my countrymen to immolate them in their
boats, before they had contaminated the soil of my country. If they
succeeded in landing, and if forced to retire before superior
discipline, I would dispute every inch of ground, burn every blade of
grass before them, and the last entrenchment of liberty should be my
grave. What I could not do myself, if I should fall, I would leave as a
last charge to my countrymen to accomplish, because I should feel
conscious that life, any more than death, is unprofitable when a foreign
nation holds my country in subjection.

“But it was not as an enemy that the succours of France were to land. I
looked, indeed, for the assistance of France; but I wished to prove to
France and to the world, that Irishmen deserved to be assisted; that
they were indignant at slavery, and ready to assert the independence and
liberty of their country.

“I wished to procure for my country the guarantee which Washington
procured for America. To procure an aid which, by its example, would be
as important as its valour—disciplined, gallant, pregnant with science
and experience; who would preserve the good, and polish the rough points
of our character; they would come to us as strangers and leave us as
friends, after sharing our perils and elevating our destiny. These were
my objects—not to receive new taskmakers, but to expel old tyrants;
these were my views, and these only became Irishmen. It was for these
ends I sought aid from France, because France, even as an enemy, could
not be more implacable than the enemy already in the bosom of my
country.

               [_Here he was interrupted by the Court._]

“I have been charged with that importance in the efforts to emancipate
my country, as to be considered the keystone of the combination of
Irishmen, or as your Lordship expressed it, “the life and blood of the
conspiracy.” You do me honour over much; you have given to the subaltern
all the credit of a superior. There are men engaged in this conspiracy,
who are not only superior to me, but even to your own conceptions of
yourself my Lord, before the splendour of whose genius and virtues I
should bow with respectful deference, and who would think themselves
dishonoured to be called your friend, and who would not disgrace
themselves by shaking your blood-stained hand.

                   [_Here he was again interrupted._]

“What, my Lord! shall you tell me, on the passage to that scaffold,
which that tyranny (of which you are only the intermediary executioner)
has erected for my murder, that I am accountable for all the blood that
has and will be shed in this struggle of the oppressed against the
oppressor—shall you tell me this, and shall I be so very a slave as not
to repel it?

“I do not fear to approach the Omnipotent Judge, to answer for the
conduct of my whole life, and am I to be appalled and falsified by a
mere remnant of mortality here! By you, too, who, if it were possible to
collect all the innocent blood that you have caused to be shed, in your
unhallowed ministry, into one great reservoir, your Lordship might swim
in it.

                     [_Here the Judge interfered._]

“Let no man dare, when I am dead, to charge me with dishonour; let no
man attaint my memory, by believing that I could have engaged in any
cause but of my country’s liberty and independence, or that I became the
pliant minion of power, in the oppression or the miseries of my
countrymen. The proclamation of the Provisional Government speaks for
our views; no inference can be tortured from it to countenance barbarity
or debasment at home, or subjection, humiliation, or treachery from
abroad; I would not have submitted to a foreign oppressor for the same
reason that I would resist the present domestic oppressor. In the
dignity of freedom, I would have fought on the threshold of my country,
and its enemy should only enter by passing over my lifeless corpse. And
am I, who lived but for my country, and who have subjected myself to the
dangers of the jealous and watchful oppressor, and the bondage of the
grave, only to give my countrymen their rights and my country her
independence—am I to be loaded with calumny, and not suffered to resent
or repel it? No, God forbid!

  [_Here Lord Norbury told Mr. Emmet that his sentiments and language
 disgraced his family and education, but more particularly his father,
  Dr. Emmet, who was a man, if alive, that would not countenance such
                              opinions._]

“If the spirits of the illustrious dead participate in the concerns and
cares of those who are dear to them in this transitory life—O ever dear
and venerated shade of my departed Father, look down with scrutiny upon
the conduct of your suffering son; and see if I have, even for a moment,
deviated from those principles of morality and patriotism which it was
your care to instil into my youthful mind, and for which I am now to
offer up my life.

“My Lords, you are impatient for the sacrifice—the blood which you seek
is not congealed by the artificial terrors that surround your victim; it
circulates warmly and unruffled through the channels which God created
for nobler purposes, but which you are bent to destroy, for purposes so
grievous, that they cry to Heaven. Be ye patient! I have but a few words
more to say. I am going to my cold and silent grave: my lamp of life is
nearly extinguished: my race is run: the grave opens to receive me, and
I sink into its bosom! I have but one request to ask at my departure
from this world; it is the charity of its silence! Let no man write my
epitaph; for as no man who knows my motives dare now vindicate them, let
not prejudice or ignorance asperse them. Let them and me repose in
obscurity and peace, and my tomb remain uninscribed, until other times,
and other men, can do justice to my character. When my country takes her
place among the nations of the earth—then, and not till then—let my
epitaph be written. I HAVE DONE.



                          ACCOUNT OF THE LATE
                    PLAN OF INSURRECTION IN DUBLIN,
                    AND THE CAUSE OF ITS FAILURE.[7]


The plan was comprised under three heads—_points of attack_, _points of
check_, and _lines of defence_.

The points of attack were three:—The Pigeon House, the Castle, and the
Artillery Barracks at Island Bridge.

The attack was to begin with the Pigeon House, number of men 200. The
place of assembly, the Strand, between Irishtown and Sandymount. The
time, low water. The men to divide into two bodies: one to cross by a
sand bank, between the Pigeon House and Light House, where they were to
mount the wall; the other to cross at Devonshire Wharf; both parties to
detach three men with blunderbusses, and three with jointed pikes,
concealed, who were to seize the sentries and gates for the rest to rush
in. Another plan was formed for high water, by means of pleasure, or
fishing boats, going out in the morning, one by one, and returning in
the evening to the dock at the Pigeon House, where they were to land. A
rocket from this was to be the signal for the other two, viz.:

The Castle, the number of men 200. The place of assembly, Patrick-street
depot. A house in Ship-street was expected, also one near the gate. A
hundred men to be armed with jointed pikes and blunderbusses, the rest
to support them, and march openly with long pikes. To begin by the
entrance of two job coaches, hackney coachmen, two footmen, and six
persons, inside, to drive in at the upper gate into the yard, come out
of the coaches, turn back and seize the guard, (or instead of one of the
job coaches, a sedan going in at the same time, with two footmen, two
chairmen, and one inside;) at the same moment a person was, in case of
failure, to knock at Lamprey’s door, seize it and let in others, to come
down by a scaling ladder from a window on the top of the guard-house,
while attacks were made at a public house in Ship-street, which has
three windows commanding the guard-house, a gate in Stephen-street,
another at the Aungier-Street, end of Great George’s-street, leading to
the ordnance, another at the new houses in George’s-street, leading to
the riding yard, and another over a piece of a brick wall near the
Palace-street gate. Scaling ladders for all these. Fire balls, if
necessary, for the guard-house of the upper gate. The Lord Lieutenant
and principal officers of government, together with the bulk of
artillery, to be sent off under an escort to the commander in Wicklow,
in case of being obliged to retreat. I forgot to mention that the same
was to be done with as much of the Pigeon House stores as could be.
Another party with some artillery to come into town along the quays, and
take post at Carlisle Bridge, to act according to circumstances.

Island Bridge, 400 men. Place of assembly, Quarry-hole opposite, and
Burying ground.—Eight men with pistols and one with a blunderbuss, to
seize the sentry walking outside, seize the gates, some to rush in,
seize the cannon opposite the gate, the rest to mount on all sides by
scaling ladders; on seizing this to send two cannon over the bridge
facing the barrack-road. Another detachment to bring cannon down
James’s-street, another towards Rathfarnham as before. To each of the
flank points, when carried, reinforcements to be sent, with horses, &c.
to transport the artillery. Island Bridge only to be maintained; a false
attack also thought of, after the others had been made on the rear of
the barracks, and if necessary, to burn the hay stores in the rear.

Three rockets to be the signal that the attack on any part was made, and
afterwards a rocket of stars in case of victory, a silent one of
repulse.

Another point of attack not mentioned: Cork-street Barracks; if the
officer could surprise it, and set fire to it; if not, to take post in
the house (I think in Earl-street, the street at the end of Cork-street,
leading to Newmarket, looking down the street with musquetry, two bodies
of pikemen in Earl-street,) to the right and left of Cork-street, and
concealed from troops marching in that street. Another in, I think,
Marrowbone-lane, to take them in rear. Place of assembly, fields
adjacent, or Fenton fields.

POINTS OF CHECK.—The old Custom-house, 300 men, the gate to be shut or
stopped with a load of straw, to be previously in the street.—The other
small gate to be commanded by musquetry, and the bulk of the 300 men to
be distributed in Parliament-street, Crane-lane, and those streets
falling into Essex-street, in order to attach them if they forced out.
The jointed pikes and blunderbusses lying under great coats, rendered
all these surprises unsuspected; fire balls, if necessary, and a beam of
rockets.

An idea also was, if money had been got, to purchase Rafferty’s cheese
shop, opposite to it, to make a depot and assembly; and to mine under
and blow up a part of the Custom-house, and attack them in confusion, as
also the Castle. The miners would have been got also to mine from a
cellar into some of the streets through which the army from the barracks
must march.

The assembly was at the Coal-quay.

Mary-street barracks, sixty men. A housepainter’s house, and one equally
removed on the opposite side, (No. 36, I believe,) whose fire commands
the iron gate of the barracks without being exposed to the fire from it,
to be occupied by twenty-four blunderbusses; the remainder, pikemen, to
remain near Cole’s-lane or to be ready in case of rushing out to attack
them. Assembly, Cole’s-lane market, or else detached from Custom-house
body.

The corner house of Capel-street, (it was Killy Kelley’s,) commanding in
Ormond-quay, and Dixon, the shoemaker’s (or the house beyond it,) which
open suddenly on the flank of the army, without being exposed to their
fire, to be occupied by blunderbusses. Assembly detached from
Custom-house body.

LINES OF DEFENCE.—Beresford-street has six issues from Church-street,
viz: Coleraine-street, King-street, Stirrup-lane, Mary’s-lane,
Pill-lane, and the Quay. These to be chained in the first instance by a
body of chainmen; double chains and padlocks were deposited, and the
sills of the doors marked. The blockade to be afterwards filled up; that
on the Quay by bringing up the coaches from the strand, and oversetting
them, together with the butchers’ blocks from Ormond-market. The houses
over the chains to be occupied with hand grenades, pistols and stones.
Pikemen to parade in Beresford-street, to attack instantly any person
that might penetrate; the number 200. Assembly, Smithfield depot, where
were 800 pikes for reinforcements. The object was to force the troops to
march towards the Castle, by the other side of the water, where the bulk
of the preparations and men to receive them were.

Merchant’s Quay. In case the army, after passing the Old Bridge, marched
that way, Wogan’s house and a Birmingham warehouse next to it to be
occupied with musquetry, grenades, and stones; also, the leather crane
at the other end of the Quay; a beam to be before the crane, lying
across the Quay, to be fired at the approach of the enemy’s column. A
body of pikemen in Winetavern-street, instantly to rush on them in
front; another body in Cook-street to do the same, five lanes opening on
their flank, and by Bride-street in their rear. Another beam in
Bridge-street, in case of taking that route, and then the Cook-street
body to rush out instantly in front; a beam in Dirty-lane; main body of
pikemen in Thomas-street to rush on them instantly on firing the beam.
The body on the Quay to attack on rear; in case of repulse, Catherine’s
Church, Market house, and two houses adjacent, that command that street,
occupied with musquetry. Two rocket batteries near the Market house, a
beam before it, body of pikemen in Swift’s-alley, and that range, to
rush on their flank, after the beam was fired through Thomas-court,
Vicar-street, and three other issues; the corner houses of these issues
to be occupied by stones and grenades, the entire of the other side of
the street to be occupied with stones, &c. the flank of this side to be
protected by a chain at James’s-gate, and Guiness’s drays, &c. the rear
of it to be protected from Cook-street, in case the officer there
failed, by chains across Rainsford-street, Crilly’s-Yard, Meath-street,
Ash-street, and Francis-street. The Quay body to co-operate by the
issues before mentioned, (at the other side,) the chains of which would
be opened by us immediately. In case of further repulse, the houses at
the corner of Cutpurse-row, commanding the lanes at each side of the
Market-house, the two houses in High-street, commanding that open, and
the corner houses of Castle-street, commanding Skinner-row, (now Christ
Church-place) to be successively occupied. In case of a final retreat,
the routes to be three: Cork-street, to Templeogue, New-street,
Rathfarnham, and Camden-street department. The bridges of the Liffey to
be covered six feet deep with boards full of long nails bound down by
two iron bars, with spikes eighteen inches long, driven through them
into the pavement to stop a column of cavalry, or even infantry.

The whole of this plan was given up by me for the want of means, except
the Castle and lines of defence, for I expected 300 Wexford men, 400
Kildare men, and 200 Wicklow, all of whom had fought before, to begin
the surprises at this side of the water, and by the preparations for
defence, so as to give time for the town to assemble. The county of
Dublin was also to act at the instant it began—the number of Dublin
people acquainted with it I understood to be 4 or 5,000. I expected
2,000 to assemble at Costigan’s Mills, the grand place of assembly. The
evening before, the Wicklow men failed, through their officer. The
Kildare men who were to act, (particularly with me,) came in, and at
five o’clock went off again from the Canal-harbour, on a report that
Dublin would not act. In Dublin itself, it was given out by some
treacherous or cowardly person, that it was postponed till Wednesday.
The time of assembly was from six till nine, instead of 2,000, there was
eighty men assembled, when we came to the Market-house they were
diminished to eighteen or twenty. The Wexford men did assemble, I
believe, to the amount promised, on the Coal-quay; but 300 men, though
they might be sufficient to begin on a sudden, were not so, when
government had five hours’ notice by express from Kildare.

Added to this, the preparations were, from an unfortunate series of
disappointments in money, unfinished, and scarcely any blunderbusses
bought up.

The man who was to turn the fuzes and rammers for the beams forgot them,
and went off to Kildare to bring men, and did not return till the very
day. The consequence was, that all the beams were not loaded, nor
mounted with wheels, nor the train-bags, of course, fastened on to
explode them.

From the explosion in Patrick-street, I lost the jointed pikes which
were deposited there, and the day of action was fixed on before this,
and could not be changed.

I had no means of making up for their loss but by the hollow beams full
of pikes, which struck me three or four days before the 23d. From the
delays in getting the materials, they were not able to set about them
till the day before; the whole of that day and the next, which ought to
have been spent in arrangements, was obliged to be employed in work.
Even this, from the confusion occasioned by men crowding into the depot
from the country, was almost impossible.

The person who had the management of the depot mixed, by accident, the
slow matches that was prepared, with what was not, and all our labour
went for nothing.

The fuzes for the grenades he had also laid by where he forgot them, and
could not find them in the crowd.

The cramp irons could not be got in time from the smiths, to whom we
could not communicate the necessity of despatch; and the scaling ladders
were not finished (but one.) Money came in at five o’clock, and the
trusty men of the depot, who alone knew the town, were obliged to be
sent out to buy up blunderbusses, for the people refused to act without
some. To change the day was impossible, for I expected the counties to
act, and feared to lose the advantage of surprise. The Kildare men were
coming in for three days; and after that it was impossible to draw back.
Had I another week; had I one thousand pounds; had I one thousand men, I
would have feared nothing. There was redundancy enough in any one part
to have made up, if complete, for deficiency in the rest; but there was
failure in all—plan, preparation, and men.

I would have given it the respectability of insurrection, but I did not
uselessly wish to spill blood: I gave no signal for the rest, and they
all escaped.

I arrived time enough in the country to prevent that part of it which
had already gone out with one of my men, to disarm the neighbourhood
from proceeding. I found that by a mistake of the messenger, Wicklow
would not rise that night—I sent off to prevent it from doing so the
next, as it intended. It offered to rise even after the defeat, if I
wished it, but I refused. Had it risen, Wexford would have done the
same. It began to assemble, but its leader kept it back till he knew the
fate of Dublin. In the state Kildare was in, it would have done the
same. I was repeatedly solicited by some of those who were with me to do
so, but I constantly refused. The more remote counties did not rise, for
want of money to send them the signal agreed on.

I know how men without candour will pronounce on this failure, without
knowing one of the circumstances that occasioned it. They will consider
only that they predicted it; whether its failure was caused by chance,
or by any of the grounds on which they made their prediction, they will
not care—they will make no distinction between a prediction fulfilled
and justified—they will make no compromise of errors—they will not
recollect that they predicted also that no system could be formed—that
no secrecy nor confidence could be restored—that no preparations could
be made—that no plan could be arranged—that no day could be fixed,
without being instantly known at the Castle; that government only waited
to let the conspiracy ripen, and crush it at their pleasure; and that on
these grounds only did they predict it miscarriage. The very same men
that after success would have flattered, will now calumniate. The very
same men, that would have made an offering of unlimited sagacity at the
shrine of victory, will not now be content to take back that portion
that belongs of right to themselves, but would violate the sanctuary of
misfortune, and strip her of that covering that candour would have left
her.

                                                                   R. E.

The following facts have come to our knowledge, too late to be inserted
in their proper place. But we deemed them too interesting to be
altogether omitted. Indeed, every incident of his short, but virtuous
life, however slight, cannot fail to impart some degree of at least a
melancholy pleasure to every generous and patriotic bosom.

“One day, previous to his trial, as the governor was going his rounds,
he entered Emmet’s room rather abruptly, and observing a remarkable
expression in his countenance, he apologised for the interruption. He
had a fork affixed to his little deal table, and appended to it there
was a tress of hair. ‘You see,’ said he to his keeper, ‘how innocently I
have been occupied: this little tress has been long dear to me, and I am
plaiting it to wear in my bosom on the day of my execution.’ On the day
of that fatal event, there was found, sketched by his own hand with a
pen and ink, upon that very table, an admirable likeness of himself, the
head severed from the body which lay near it, surrounded by the
scaffold, the axe and all the paraphernalia of a high treason execution.
What a strange union of tenderness, enthusiasm and fortitude, do not the
above traits of character exhibit! His fortitude indeed, never forsook
him; on the night previous to his death, he slept as soundly as ever,
and when the fatal morning dawned, he arose, knelt down and prayed,
ordered some milk, which he drank, wrote two letters, (one to his
brother in America, and the other to the secretary of state, inclosing
it,) and then desired the sheriffs to be informed that he was ready.
When they came to his room, he said he had two requests to make: one,
that his arms might be left as loose as possible, which was humanely
acceded to. “I make the other,” said he, “not under any idea that it can
be granted, but that it may be held in remembrance that I have made it,
it is, that I may be permitted to die in my green uniform.” This, of
course, was not allowed him—and the request seemed to have no other
object than to show that he gloried in the cause for which he was to
suffer. A remarkable example of his power, both over himself and others,
occurred at this melancholy moment. He was passing out, attended by the
sheriffs and preceded by the executioner; in one of the passages stood
the turnkey who had been personally assigned to him during his
imprisonment: this poor fellow loved him in his heart, and the tears
were streaming from his eyes in torrents. Emmet paused for a moment; his
hands were not at liberty—he kissed his cheek—and the man who had been
for years the attendant of a dungeon, habituated to scenes of horror,
and hardened against their operation, fell senseless at his feet. Before
his eyes had opened again upon this world, those of the youthful
sufferer had closed forever!”


                                THE END.

-----

Footnote 1:

  AGRICULTURE.—‘The mother and nurse of a military population, Ireland
  has been forced into this. It was thought that she had sunk under the
  arbitrary tyranny of British monopoly. Let the proud Briton regale
  himself in the wholesome air of mines and workshops, and become
  ossified in the strengthening attitudes of monotonous labour; while
  the degraded Irishman draws health and number, and fierceness and
  force, and becomes too nimble to be caught by his crippled owner, who
  hobbles after and threatens with his crutch.’

Footnote 2:

  A contemptuous name for Yeomen.

Footnote 3:

  It is said that the North Cork Regiment were the inventors—but they
  certainly were the intruders of pitchcap torture into the county of
  Wexford. Any person having their hair cut short, (and therefore called
  a Croppy, by which appellation the soldiery designated a United
  Irishman) on being pointed out by some loyal neighbour, was
  immediately seized and brought into a guard-house, where caps either
  of coarse linen, or strong brown paper, besmeared inside with pitch,
  were kept always ready for service. The unfortunate victim had one of
  these, well heated, compressed on his head: and when judged of a
  proper degree of coolness, so that it could not easily be pulled off,
  the sufferer was turned out amidst the horrid acclamations of the
  merciless torturers, and to the view of vast numbers of people, who
  generally crowded to the guard-house door, attracted by the afflicting
  cries of the tormented.

Footnote 4:

  Hay’s History of the Insurrection in Wexford.

Footnote 5:

  The rebel outlaws, who took up their abodes in the mountains and
  fastnesses of Wexford and Wicklow, after 1798, ludicrously called
  themselves “The Babes of the Wood.”

Footnote 6:

  That paper was as follows:

  “It may appear strange, that a person avowing himself to be an enemy
  of the present Government, and engaged in a conspiracy for its
  overthrow, should presume to suggest an opinion to that Government on
  any part of its conduct, or could hope that advice coming from such
  authority, might be received with attention. The writer of this,
  however, does not mean to offer an opinion on any point, on which he
  must of necessity, feel differently from any of those whom he
  addresses, and on which therefore his conduct might be doubted. His
  intention is to confine himself entirely to those points on which,
  however widely he may differ from them in others, he has no hesitation
  in declaring, that, as a man, he feels the same interest with the
  merciful part, and as an Irishman, with at least the English part of
  the present administration: and at the same time to communicate to
  them in the most precise terms, that line of conduct which he may
  hereafter be compelled to adopt, and which, however painful it must,
  under any circumstances be, would become doubly so if he was not
  conscious of having tried to avoid it by the most distinct
  notification. On the two first of these points, it is not the
  intention of the undersigned, for the reason he has already mentioned,
  to do more than state, what government itself must acknowledge—that of
  the present conspiracy it knows (comparatively speaking) nothing. That
  instead of creating terror in its enemies, or confidence in its
  friends, it will only serve by the scantiness of its information, to
  furnish additional grounds of invective to those who are but too ready
  to censure it for a want of intelligence, which no sagacity could have
  enabled them to obtain. That if it is not able to terrify by a display
  of its discoveries, it cannot hope to crush by the weight of its
  punishments. Is it only now we are to learn, that entering into
  conspiracy exposes us to be hanged?—Are the scattered instances which
  will now be brought forward necessary to exemplify the statute? If the
  numerous and striking examples which have already preceded, were
  insufficient,—if government can neither by novelty of punishment, nor
  the multitude of its victims, impress us with terror, can it hope to
  injure the body of a conspiracy so impenetrably woven as the present,
  by cutting off a few threads from the end of it.

  “That with respect to the second point, no system however it may
  change the nature, can affect the period of the contest that is to
  take place; as to which the exertions of United Irishmen will be
  guided only by their own opinion of the eligibility of the moment for
  effecting the emancipation of their country.

  “That administration....”

  The following paper was found in the depot, in Emmet’s hand-writing:—

  “I have little time to look at the thousand difficulties which still
  lie between me and the completion of my wishes that those difficulties
  will likewise disappear I have ardent, and I trust, rational hopes;
  but if it is not to be the case, I thank God for having gifted me with
  a sanguine disposition. To that disposition I run from reflection, and
  if my hopes are without foundation—if a precipice is opening under my
  feet, from which duty will not suffer me to run back, I am grateful
  for that sanguine disposition, which leads me to the brink and throws
  me down, while my eyes are still raised to visions of happiness, that
  my fancy formed in the air.”

Footnote 7:

  Annexed to the copy from which the above has been transcribed, is the
  following memorandum, in the hand-writing of a gentleman who held a
  confidential situation under the Irish government.—“The original of
  this paper was delivered on the morning just before he was brought out
  to execution, in order to be forwarded to his brother, Thomas Addis
  Emmet, at Paris.”

------------------------------------------------------------------------



                          TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES


 1. Silently corrected obvious typographical errors and variations in
      spelling.
 2. Retained archaic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings as printed.
 3. Re-indexed footnotes using numbers and collected together at the end
      of the last chapter.
 4. Enclosed italics font in _underscores_.
 5. Enclosed blackletter font in =equals=.




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